發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-01-16 09:51

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：明清香藥史研究　出處：《中國(guó)中醫(yī)科學(xué)院》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 明清史 香藥 本草學(xué) 醫(yī)學(xué)史 醫(yī)史文獻(xiàn)

【摘要】：既往關(guān)于香藥歷史、藥效物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)和臨床使用方面的研究都有持續(xù)進(jìn)展,但社會(huì)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域論著多集中于中外往來密切、貿(mào)易頻繁的唐宋時(shí)期,對(duì)明清時(shí)期的香藥缺乏重視,未能連貫把握歷史脈絡(luò),自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域如中醫(yī)藥界多集中于“香囊辟疫”、“芳香開竅藥”等研究,而民族醫(yī)藥界所做的努力無出其右。明清時(shí)期為小冰期寒冷氣候,氣候影響疾病,疾病又影響醫(yī)家的治療和認(rèn)知。任應(yīng)秋認(rèn)為溫?zé)峒姨攸c(diǎn)是使用安宮牛黃、至寶、紫雪這些方,在大量的辛涼藥中挽救心陽,這種方法《傷寒論》中沒有,是溫?zé)峒覀兊囊淮蟀l(fā)明。在傳統(tǒng)本草文獻(xiàn)分類中,明代香藥在《本草綱目》首見“芳草”、“香木”等類別,并影響了清代本草著作的分類。該時(shí)期既有對(duì)明以前使用香藥經(jīng)驗(yàn)的繼承,又有本土植物的香藥性新的認(rèn)知,也有對(duì)外來香藥認(rèn)知的深入,而“藥露”的廣泛使用,使香藥使用類型更加豐富。本研究通過對(duì)明清本草文獻(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)梳理,結(jié)合相關(guān)醫(yī)案、傳教士著作等,以其時(shí)的社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化發(fā)展?fàn)顩r為背景,分析明清香藥使用特色與影響。研究過程中,綜合運(yùn)用史學(xué)、文獻(xiàn)學(xué)等研究方法,通過搜集整理這些史料,分析其具體內(nèi)容中表現(xiàn)出的學(xué)術(shù)思想與特點(diǎn),探討明清時(shí)期香藥使用特色及規(guī)律。論文“前言”部分對(duì)明以前的“香藥”情況、明清時(shí)期“香藥”等概念加以辨析,同時(shí)介紹本研究的目的、意義與研究方法。正文分為五部分,即：明以前香藥、明清時(shí)期香藥記載、明清時(shí)期香藥來源、明清時(shí)期香藥使用、明清香藥的社會(huì)影響因素。從邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)講,是回答香藥“是什么”、“怎么用”、“歷史沿革如何”、“為什么會(huì)形成這些用法”等。正文第一部分“明以前的香藥”,對(duì)明以前香藥情況進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要梳理,總結(jié)香藥使用特點(diǎn)。第二部分“明清時(shí)期香藥記載”,以“本草文獻(xiàn)”、“香譜”、“傳教士與香藥”展開介紹�！氨静菸墨I(xiàn)”按內(nèi)容特點(diǎn)分別從“芳草”、“香木”、“藥露”等角度梳理�！跋阕V”中重點(diǎn)對(duì)外用之香進(jìn)行了分析。明清時(shí)期本草文獻(xiàn)香藥的書寫,因?yàn)閷?duì)藥性認(rèn)知的不一樣分類思想的不一樣,分到了不同的部分里,但從自然屬性來看,大體不離“芳草”、“香木”、“藥露”、“花部”之類。譜錄類書也能尋得香與醫(yī)之關(guān)系,明代香譜多錄歷代香方,及至清代最顯著的特點(diǎn),便是“蒸”香以露療疾。此前香露多為婦女容妝之品,明清之際廣泛點(diǎn)茶食用、藥用等。他者視野中的芳香藥,主要以明清時(shí)期來華傳教士著作為例,卜彌格描述了相關(guān)植物和在中國(guó)的藥用方式。傳教士不僅向歐洲匯報(bào)中國(guó)見聞,也將西洋藥物介紹到中國(guó),最典型的是“其法始于大西洋”的“藥露”。第三部分“明清時(shí)期香藥來源”,重點(diǎn)從本土和外來兩種情況分析。從朝貢貿(mào)易來看,明代的香藥輸入種類和前代基本上是一致的,既有熏身之香,亦有藥用之材,也有食用之香料。但是值得指出的是明代開始已經(jīng)有鴉片(烏香)的輸入,這是清代俞正燮的考察結(jié)論。清代藩屬國(guó)進(jìn)貢的香料與明代記載的基本相同,在芳草香木之余,有蒸餾之花露水、荼靡露、各種藥露；此外還有一種傳入方式是西洋傳教士所獻(xiàn)。中國(guó)本土香藥,因氣候環(huán)境、森林植被、人口密度等等影響,每一朝代各有側(cè)重,主要是原材料的麝香、沉香、蒼術(shù)、薄荷等,而且也有制備意義上的“樟腦”、“薄荷腦”等。海禁政策下,外域香料輸入的數(shù)量十分有限,巨大的香料需求大大地推動(dòng)了國(guó)內(nèi)香料的種植,對(duì)外來香藥的本土化研究也表明,出現(xiàn)了不少遠(yuǎn)勝舶品的香藥。第四部分“明清時(shí)期香藥使用”,重點(diǎn)分析明清時(shí)期香藥不同于既往的使用情況。明清時(shí)期香藥的應(yīng)用比較廣泛,無論是內(nèi)服還是外用,燃者取煙熏或香灰,蒸者取露,或取其味,或取其用。此外,明清時(shí)期對(duì)香藥的炮制、使用注意、香氣蝕脾另類醫(yī)案的記載也說明對(duì)“香”的使用是一個(gè)不斷加深認(rèn)知的過程。第五部分“明清香藥的社會(huì)影響因素”,重點(diǎn)分析明清時(shí)期社會(huì)環(huán)境、思想文化、統(tǒng)治者態(tài)度等對(duì)香藥使用的影響。從外史角度而言,關(guān)注社會(huì)、文化、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)等因素對(duì)香藥使用的影響,表明自然環(huán)境與香藥使用兩者之間是互相影響的關(guān)系：氣候變遷帶來藥用資源分布的改變,導(dǎo)致追求香藥使用,同時(shí)對(duì)香的追求也會(huì)導(dǎo)致資源分布的改變。社會(huì)文化環(huán)境對(duì)于香藥使用亦有影響：墓葬中使用香料進(jìn)行尸體防腐處理十分流行,生活方式上焚香煮茗、儒道佛的推動(dòng)。統(tǒng)治者態(tài)度對(duì)香藥也有影響。明清時(shí)期的香藥既延續(xù)其奢華風(fēng)格,亦隨著商品經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,市民階層興起,而走入尋常百姓家。本文討論部分重點(diǎn)圍繞香為熏、香為藥、香為媒、香為患等4個(gè)主題展開討論,初步凝練出該期香藥使用特點(diǎn)。文章認(rèn)為盡管《山海經(jīng)》等文獻(xiàn)、葛洪等醫(yī)家著作有佩帶薰草等的記載,但“邪從口鼻而入”的觀點(diǎn),實(shí)是明清醫(yī)家的一大創(chuàng)新。因?yàn)樾皬年柮骺诒侨?則治亦從口鼻,或以“塞鼻”為阻止病邪侵犯人體途徑的思維,或以“取嚏”為將邪排出體外的治療思維。未病時(shí)用以顧護(hù)正氣,提高人體抵抗力,既病就要逐穢。明清時(shí)期展現(xiàn)出來的新的香藥認(rèn)知,是該時(shí)段醫(yī)家的智慧結(jié)晶。此外,對(duì)于香藥的“蠟包”方式也是明清醫(yī)藥從業(yè)人員的創(chuàng)新。而將香露由婦人妝品延展到療疾的應(yīng)用,還有茉莉根的鎮(zhèn)痛麻醉作用的記載,對(duì)香藥資源開發(fā)不僅就香材本草本身,而是擴(kuò)展至周邊相關(guān)產(chǎn)物的開發(fā)應(yīng)用等,也是當(dāng)時(shí)的創(chuàng)新。這些創(chuàng)新之見,對(duì)于當(dāng)代中醫(yī)藥創(chuàng)新發(fā)展也有重要的借鑒意義。目前,傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥面對(duì)現(xiàn)代轉(zhuǎn)型的困境,如何繼承與突破傳統(tǒng),并尋找到在當(dāng)前環(huán)境下中醫(yī)藥發(fā)展的新思路,反思去今不遠(yuǎn)的明清時(shí)期,在傳統(tǒng)與外來之間,以“香藥”見歷史,鑒古知今,對(duì)如何展開相關(guān)中醫(yī)藥的研究也提出了個(gè)人見解。本文創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)：所用史料不僅著眼于“本草”古籍,還拓展到譜錄、檔案、日韓相關(guān)醫(yī)書、傳教士書籍等,初步研究總結(jié)出明清香藥使用特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用規(guī)律,概略地構(gòu)建起既斷代又專門的明清香藥史,提出以史為鑒開創(chuàng)香藥未來發(fā)展的個(gè)人意見。(1)選題創(chuàng)新。歷史學(xué)界目前對(duì)香藥的研究重點(diǎn)集中在唐宋階段,社會(huì)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域談“香文化”的多,集中在“香料與香譜”領(lǐng)域,亦有談及香與國(guó)家控制、香與社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)生活,而談“香藥”的少。唐宋為香事之盛,元明之后,雖然香譜、香藥著作層出,且在香料來源中多有革新,但多被忽視。醫(yī)史學(xué)界對(duì)香藥的研究1978年以前的相關(guān)研究多定位于“媚藥”功能性的發(fā)揮,而1979-1986年的研究定位于“香料藥物”的名物考和具體應(yīng)用,1987年至今對(duì)異域文獻(xiàn)和出土文獻(xiàn)中的香藥都有探索。自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域多涉及香藥的功能性、藥效物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)研究,而對(duì)香藥歷史的考證卻缺乏重視,對(duì)香藥在整個(gè)醫(yī)學(xué)史進(jìn)程中有怎樣的流變(資源以及藥用范圍)思慮不夠。正是對(duì)明清香藥關(guān)注的空白促成了此研究的開展,本論文概略地構(gòu)建起既斷代又專門的明清香藥史,同時(shí)試圖為一些個(gè)案香藥的應(yīng)用提供新證據(jù),提出了以史為鑒開創(chuàng)香藥未來發(fā)展的個(gè)人意見。(2)史料、方法、視野的創(chuàng)新。從史料角度來說,既往藥學(xué)史領(lǐng)域多集中于本草文獻(xiàn)的梳理,本研究不僅僅著眼于《中國(guó)中醫(yī)古籍總目》的“本草”古籍,史料拓展到相關(guān)譜錄、檔案、日韓相關(guān)醫(yī)書、傳教士書籍、考古文物等,盡量全面還原明清時(shí)期香藥的使用情況。從方法學(xué)上來說,既往藥學(xué)史領(lǐng)域多從文獻(xiàn)考察和實(shí)地調(diào)查確認(rèn)本草基源,本文尚使用了相關(guān)人類學(xué)的解釋方法,富有一定特色。運(yùn)用歷史學(xué)方法對(duì)芳香本草文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行縱向梳理,并使用相關(guān)出土文物報(bào)告,采用“二重證據(jù)”法以把握香藥的淵源及演變,也是試圖實(shí)踐陳寅恪先生提出互相參證的方法：“一曰取地下之實(shí)物與紙上之遺文互相釋證”、“二曰取異族之故書與吾國(guó)之舊籍互相補(bǔ)正”、“三曰取外來之觀念,與固有之材料互相參證”。從視野來說,明清處于“西學(xué)東漸”的大時(shí)代背景下,相關(guān)西學(xué)雖未能撼動(dòng)中醫(yī)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)理論體系,但有相關(guān)藥物融入進(jìn)中醫(yī)藥理論,此時(shí)“中學(xué)西傳”影響力不及往期,但依然通過傳教士、貿(mào)易等的互動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)“中學(xué)西傳”。此外,從生藥原材料的使用到蒸餾精華物質(zhì)的使用,多種視野下的“香藥”就賦予了多重內(nèi)涵。從寫作視野來說,屬于內(nèi)外史結(jié)合的寫作方式。(3)對(duì)明清香藥研究結(jié)論的創(chuàng)新。初步研究總結(jié)出明清香藥使用特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用規(guī)律。清代出現(xiàn)的很多藥露藥油都是音譯名詞,尚未有古漢名和現(xiàn)代藥物名的對(duì)應(yīng),通過對(duì)清宮“巴爾薩米油”的分析,指出早在唐代就已傳入中國(guó)當(dāng)時(shí)名叫“阿勃參”,清代傳教士尚有記錄為“拔爾薩摩”,晚清時(shí)期又被譯為“波勒殺末”,對(duì)應(yīng)為現(xiàn)代《中華本草》記載的“秘魯香膠”。此外,清宮出現(xiàn)的“德里亞噶”其實(shí)是唐以前就傳入我國(guó)的“底野迦”,可能為阿片類制劑。并且首次對(duì)“邪從口鼻而入”的問題進(jìn)行綜合性表述,指出“邪從口鼻而入”為明清醫(yī)家的一大創(chuàng)新,因?yàn)樾皬年柮骺诒侨?則治亦從口鼻,或以“塞鼻”為阻止病邪侵犯人體途徑的思維,或以“取嚏”為將邪排出體外的治療思維,未病時(shí)用以顧護(hù)正氣,提高人體抵抗力,既病就要逐穢。香藥的“蠟包”方式是明清醫(yī)藥從業(yè)人員的創(chuàng)新。而將香露由婦人妝品延展到療疾的應(yīng)用,茉莉根鎮(zhèn)痛麻醉作用的記載,對(duì)香藥資源開發(fā)不僅就香材本草本身,而且擴(kuò)展至周邊相關(guān)產(chǎn)物的開發(fā)應(yīng)用等,也是明清時(shí)期的創(chuàng)新。這些創(chuàng)新之見,對(duì)于當(dāng)代中醫(yī)藥創(chuàng)新發(fā)展也有重要的借鑒意義。
[Abstract]:About the past sweet medicine history, research and clinical use of pharmacodynamic material basis has continued to progress, but social science works focus on foreign exchanges, trade frequently in Tang and Song Dynasties, the medicine in the Ming and Qing Dynasties the lack of attention, failed to grasp the coherence of the history of natural science fields such as Chinese medicine more focused on "the provision of" disease "research, sachet and aromatic resuscitation drugs", national pharmaceutical industry efforts. Second to none the Ming and Qing Dynasties for the little ice age cold climate, climate impact disease, disease and effect of treatment and cognitive physicians. Ren should think warm autumn home is characterized using Angongniuhuang, these precious, Zixue, in a lot of medicine to save heart Xin Yang, this treatise on < > No, is a great invention of warm scientists. In the classification of traditional herbal literature in Ming Dynasty, sweet medicine in Compendium of Materia Medica first "fragrant grass", "wood Other categories, and the impact of the Qing Dynasty. The classification of herbal works during this period inherited before Ming Dynasty used incense medicine experience, and native plant fragrance resistance new cognition, but also on the spice of cognitive depth, and is widely used in medicine, medicine fragrant dew "make more use of type rich. This study through systematic review of literature on materia medica in Ming and Qing Dynasties, combined with the related medical records, missionary works, to the time of the social, economic and cultural development condition as the background, analysis of the Ming and Qing dynasties medicine use characteristic and influence. In the course of the study, the integrated use of history, literature and other research methods, through collecting the historical data analysis. Academic thoughts and characteristics of the specific content of the Ming and Qing Dynasties fragrant drug use features and rules. The" preface "of the" spice "before Ming Dynasty, the Ming and Qing Dynasties" medicine "concept to analysis and introduce The purpose of this study, significance and research methods. The text is divided into five parts, namely: before Ming Dynasty, the Ming and Qing Dynasties sweet medicine, sweet medicine records, the Ming and Qing Dynasties of Ming and Qing Dynasty incense incense medicine source, drug use, social factors in Ming and Qing Dynasties. From the logical structure of sweet medicine, sweet medicine is the answer of "what", "how to use", "history", "why the formation of these usages". The first part of the text "spice" before Ming Dynasty, it briefly introduces the before Ming Dynasty, sweet medicine, sweet medicine summary characteristics. The second part "the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with" sweet medicine records "herbal literature", "sweet spectrum", "missionaries and medicine". "The literature according to the content characteristics respectively from the" grass "," Xiang "," medicine dew "and" sweet spectrum "perspective. In the key external use incense is analyzed. During the Ming and Qing dynasties medicine herbal literature writing, because of Not the same as the classification of cognitive resistance is not the same, divided into different parts, but in the natural attributes, generally not far from the "grass", "Xiang", "medicine dew", "flower" and so on. Books can also find recorded spectrum relationship of incense and medicine, the Ming Dynasty incense spectrum on ancient incense, the most remarkable characteristic of Qing Dynasty, is the "steam" Liaoji. After the dew fragrance with sweet dew for women makeup products, Ming and Qing Dynasties tea widely edible, medicinal. Other aromatic drugs in the field, mainly in the Ming and Qing Dynasties missionary works as an example, Bu Boym describes the related plants and medicinal in China. Report to the European missionaries not only Chinese knowledge, will also be introduced to the western medicine China, the most typical is "the law began in the Atlantic" "medicine dew". The third part "the Ming and Qing dynasties medicine source", mainly from the analysis of local and foreign from two cases. At Tribute trade, sweet medicine in the Ming Dynasty and the previous generation input types are basically the same, both smoked body fragrance, also has medicinal material, also have edible spices. But it is worth noting that the beginning of the Ming Dynasty has been the Opium (Ukraine incense) input, this is the conclusion of Yu Zhengxie in the Qing Dynasty records. Spices and Ming Dynasty Qing Dynasty vassal tributary is basically the same, in the wood I have distilled the toilet water, the dew, dew all kinds of medicine; in addition there is a way into the western missionaries offered. Chinese native medicine, because of the climate and environment, forest vegetation, population density and so on, each dynasty has focus on the main raw material of musk, aloes, Atractylodes rhizome, mint, and have prepared the sense of "Camphor", "menthol." prohibition policy, a very limited number of Outland spices input, spices demand greatly promoted the domestic giant spices Study on the localization of planting spice also shows that there are a lot of imported goods than sweet medicine. The fourth part "the Ming and Qing dynasties medicine", focuses on the analysis of the use of medicine is different from the previous period of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The application of the Ming and Qing dynasties medicine is widely used, whether internal or external, from burning smoke or ash, steamed from dew, or its flavor, or its use. In addition, the processing of the medicine, the Ming and Qing Dynasties use attention, medical records altered spleen aroma that offbeat use of "sweet" is a deepening of the cognitive process. The fifth part is "the social impact of the Ming and Qing dynasties medicine the factors", focuses on the analysis of the social environment, ideology and culture in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the rulers influence the attitude on the medicine use. From the external perspective, pay attention to the society, culture, politics, economy and other factors on the impact of the use of medicine, showed that the natural environment and medicine use both Is the relationship between the mutual influence of climate change: bring distribution of medicinal resources, led to the pursuit of medicine use, but also lead to the change of the distribution of resources. The pursuit of social and cultural environment of fragrant incense has the same effect on drug use: tombs were embalmed. The use of perfume is very popular, the way of life of incense for tea. To promote the Buddha. The attitude of the rulers also have an impact on medicine. Sweet medicine in the Ming and Qing Dynasties not only continues its luxurious style, but also with the development of commodity economy, the rise of the public sectors, and into the homes of ordinary people. This part focuses on the incense is smoked, incense for medicine, incense incense for the media, with 4 themes to discuss the preliminary concise characteristics of this period. The paper argues that although the use of the medicine The Classic of the Great Wilderness literature, Ge Hong and other physicians work wearing Tonka and other records, but "evil from the nose and mouth" point of view, is the Ming and Qing Dynasties A great innovation. Because the evil from the nose into the Yangming rule, also from the nose and mouth, or to "plug nose" disease to prevent violations of human evil ways of thinking, or "sneezing" will be discharged in the treatment of evil thinking. Disease with protecting vital qi, improve the body's resistance to both diseases will by shouts. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties revealed new medicine cognition, is the crystallization of the wisdom of this period of doctors. In addition, the innovation of sweet medicine "paraffin" is the medical staff and the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The sweet dew by the application of woman cosmetics extended to cure disease, and jasmine root pain with anesthesia records, for the development of medicine resources not only fragrant incense wood materia itself, but extended to the surrounding related product development and application, is also the time of innovation. These new ideas have important significance for contemporary innovation and development of Chinese medicine. At present, facing the modern transformation of traditional medicine The dilemma, how to inherit and break the traditional, and find new ideas in the development of Chinese medicine in the current environment, this is not far to reflect the Ming and Qing Dynasties, between traditional and foreign history, see the "spice", reflects the ancient knowledge today, research on how to expand the traditional Chinese medicine also puts forward personal opinions. The innovation of this paper: the historical data not only focus on the "herbal" ancient books, but also extended to the spectrum recorded, archives, South Korea related books, books and other missionaries, preliminary study summed up the characteristics and rules of application to use fragrance medicine, roughly built up not only the special fragrance of Ming dynastic medicine history, the history and create the future development of Hong administration of personal opinions. (1) the topic of history innovation. Current research focus of the medicine concentration in the Tang and Song Dynasties stage, the field of social science about "Incense Culture", focus on "spice and spectrum" in the field, also talk and incense and state control, Fragrant with the social and economic life, and on the "medicine". The Tang and Song Dynasty is the incense thing of Sheng, yuan and Ming Dynasties, although the fragrant incense spectrum, medicine works layer, and the source of the spice has many innovations, but much neglected. Research on 1978 of the medicine medical circles than before located in the "pro drug" function of the play, and the localization of 1979-1986 years to "spice medicine" the test and application, since the 1987 exploration of foreign literature and unearthed in the sweet medicine. Functional natural science of medicine, studies of pharmacodynamic material basis of the medicine, and the textual research is the lack of attention, in the whole process of the medicine medicine in the history of how the rheological (resources and medicinal range). It is thought not blank in the Ming and Qing Dynasties fragrant medicines concerned contributed to the study, this paper briefly construct both the special fragrance of Ming dynastic history At the same time, to provide new evidence for the application of some cases of sweet medicine, put forward the future development history of sweet medicine personal opinions. (2) materials, methods, vision of innovation. From the historical perspective, the past history of pharmacy are more concentrated in the field of the literature, this study not only focuses on the Chinese ancient books < Chinese in accordance with the "herbal" historical books, expand to the relevant spectrum recorded, archives, South Korea related books, missionary books, archaeological finds, as far as possible the overall reduction of use of the Ming and Qing Dynasties incense medicine. From the methodological point of view, the field of previous history of pharmacy from the literature review and field survey to confirm the source of this paper is the use of herbal base, the explain the methods of anthropology, with certain characteristics. By historical methods of longitudinal review of aromatic herbal literature and unearthed cultural relics and the use of the relevant report, to grasp the medicine using "double evidence law yuan The source and evolution, is also trying to practice Mr. Chen Yinque proposed methods complement each other: "one day take the papers with the kind of paper on each other underground release certificate", "two said the book from my country and other old books," three mutual correction "said from outside of the concept, and the inherent mutual coherent material from the perspective of evidence". In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the "West" of the background, the related western although failed to shake the basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine system, but there are drugs into the traditional Chinese medicine theory, the "high school west" influence not to, but still by missionaries, the implementation of "interactive trade West Middle School in addition, from the use of raw materials to extract crude distillation of multi perspective" medicine "is endowed with multiple connotations. From the perspective of writing, combined with the way of writing belongs to the internal and external history. (3) the conclusion of the Ming and Qing dynasties medicine research The preliminary study on innovation. Summarizes the characteristics and application of regular use of drugs. The fragrance of Ming Qing Dynasty a lot of medicine medicine dew oil are not corresponding, noun, ancient Chinese name and modern drugs, through the analysis of the "Sami Barr oil", pointed out that as early as the Tang Dynasty had passed in the country at that time called "three reference" in Qing Dynasty is recorded as "Stubbs Ersamo missionaries" in the late Qing Dynasty, has been translated as "kill Paule" at the end, corresponding to the modern "Chinese materia medica > recorded" Peru gum ". In addition, the emergence of" deriat karma "is actually just before the Tang Dynasty into China" theraica ". May be for opiates. And for the first time on the" evil comprehensive from the nose and mouth "problem statement, pointed out that" evil from the nose and mouth "is a great innovation in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, because the evil from the nose into the Yangming rule, also from the nose and mouth, or to" plug nose "for resistance Check pathogen invading the body way of thinking, or "sneezing" will be discharged in the treatment of evil thinking, not disease with protecting vital qi, improve the body's resistance to disease will gradually filthily. Sweet medicine "paraffin" is the innovation of the medical staff of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The incense the application of cosmetics by dew woman extended to therapy, analgesia and anesthesia effect of jasmine root records, on the development of medicine resources not only fragrant incense wood and herbage itself, extended to the surrounding related product development and application, innovation is the Ming and Qing Dynasties. These new ideas have important significance for Contemporary Chinese medicine the innovation and development.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)中醫(yī)科學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：R2-09

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本文編號(hào)：1432588