發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-28 08:57

【摘要】： 背景 蒼蠅可攜帶多種病原體，傳播多種疾病，據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，蠅類能夠傳播霍亂、傷寒、痢疾和結(jié)核等數(shù)十種嚴(yán)重疾病。有的蠅類幼蟲還能夠直接進(jìn)入人畜體內(nèi)的各個(gè)部位，引起這些部位的蠅蛆癥，對人的危害極大。蠅類密度及滅蠅情況直接反映一個(gè)地區(qū)的文明衛(wèi)生程度，所以各地在廣泛開展愛國衛(wèi)生運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，使用了大量的殺蟲劑；然而這樣的做法導(dǎo)致各地蠅類對常用殺蟲劑的抗性成倍增加，逐年上升。因此，查明情況，采取對策，降低蠅類抗性，減少化學(xué)殺蟲劑對環(huán)境的污染已成為當(dāng)務(wù)之急。 紹興市區(qū)位于浙北平原，常年氣候溫和濕潤，人口密集，餐飲業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)，自然、人文、地理?xiàng)l件均十分適宜蠅類的棲息、繁殖。隨著城市建設(shè)的發(fā)展、人們生活方式、行為習(xí)慣的改變、創(chuàng)建國家衛(wèi)生城市所采取的強(qiáng)有力的滅蠅措施，加之近年氣候變暖等因素，使得適合蠅類孳生繁殖的孳生物種類和孳生環(huán)境較之過去有了很大變化，在一定程度上導(dǎo)致了城鎮(zhèn)蠅類種群、分布和季節(jié)消長規(guī)律的變化。目前很少有針對紹興地區(qū)蠅類進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的研究。為此，本研究通過對紹興市區(qū)2003～2004年蠅類的調(diào)查，掌握紹興市區(qū)蠅類的種群分布、季節(jié)消長、家蠅抗藥性及蠅類密度與腸道傳染病的關(guān)系，從而為蠅類的控制和腸道傳染病的防控提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。 材料與方法 在紹興市區(qū)新老城區(qū)各設(shè)一個(gè)調(diào)查點(diǎn)，每個(gè)調(diào)查點(diǎn)分垃圾中轉(zhuǎn)站、居民區(qū)、農(nóng)貿(mào)市場、餐飲業(yè)、綠化帶5種生境共11個(gè)監(jiān)測點(diǎn)。采用籠誘法，按旬進(jìn)行蠅類的監(jiān)測，對捕獲的蠅類進(jìn)行蠅種鑒定。家蠅抗藥性測定采用微量點(diǎn)滴法，對敵敵畏等6種化學(xué)殺蟲劑進(jìn)行抗性測定。腸道傳染病的疫情資料來自越城區(qū)疾病預(yù)防控制中心傳染病疫情統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)表。 采用圓形分布法對蠅類季節(jié)性消長進(jìn)行分析，對蠅類密度與氣溫、腸道傳染病發(fā)病采用線性回歸分析，家蠅抗藥性LD_(50)采用加權(quán)直線回歸法計(jì)算分析。 資料的整理以及所有的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析過程均在Excel 2003和SPSS13.0中完成。 結(jié)果 一、紹興市區(qū)蠅類種群分布、季節(jié)消長 紹興市區(qū)蠅類，經(jīng)分類鑒定為5科10屬16種，其中大頭金蠅、家蠅、絲光綠蠅為優(yōu)勢種，巨尾阿麗蠅、亮綠蠅、棕尾別麻蠅、市蠅、銅綠蠅、廄腐蠅為常見種，其余均為稀有種。 不同年份、不同調(diào)查點(diǎn)蠅種數(shù)量構(gòu)成順位、密度不同。蠅種密度新城區(qū)調(diào)查點(diǎn)明顯高于老城區(qū)調(diào)查點(diǎn)；2004年年平均密度高于2003年。 不同生境蠅類構(gòu)成與密度不同。蠅類孳生、活動(dòng)、棲息場所的兩年平均密度以綠化帶最高，為320.38只/(籠·日)；其次是農(nóng)貿(mào)市場，為187.91只/(籠·日)；垃圾中轉(zhuǎn)站、居民區(qū)的平均密度基本接近，，分別為127.58只/(籠·日)、127.44只/(籠·日)；餐飲業(yè)蠅類平均密度最低，為116.14只/(籠·日)。各類場所均以大頭金蠅的密度為最高。 蠅類季節(jié)消長有明顯的季節(jié)性特征。紹興市區(qū)2003～2004年蠅類平均密度高峰日為8月4日，高峰時(shí)段為6月8日至9月30日。其中2003年蠅類密度高峰日為8月11日，高峰時(shí)段為6月17日至10月5日；2004年蠅類密度高峰日為了月29日，高峰時(shí)段為6月1日至9月26日。 二、環(huán)境溫度對蠅類季節(jié)消長的影響 本研究通過對月平均氣溫與蠅類月平均密度的回歸分析，表明氣溫與蠅類密度呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系，當(dāng)氣溫上升時(shí)，蠅類密度隨之增加。 三、蠅類密度與腸道傳染病的關(guān)系 蠅類密度是影響腸道傳染病發(fā)病的一個(gè)重要因素。本研究通過對紹興市區(qū)兩年來的蠅類密度消長與乙類腸道傳染病發(fā)病率二者相關(guān)關(guān)系的分析，表明2003和2004年蠅類密度與腸道傳染病發(fā)病率的相關(guān)系數(shù)r分別為0.846和0.612，提示蠅類密度是腸道傳染病發(fā)病的一個(gè)重要影響因素。 四、家蠅的抗藥性 紹興市區(qū)家蠅對溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、氯菊酯、胺菊酯、敵敵畏、奮斗吶(順式氯氰菊酯)6種殺蟲劑均產(chǎn)生了不同程度的抗性。敵敵畏、溴氰菊酯已達(dá)到最高抗性水平，氯菊酯處于高抗水平，胺菊酯處在低抗水平。測定結(jié)果與浙江省疾病預(yù)防控制中心1981～1983年檢測數(shù)據(jù)相比，紹興市區(qū)家蠅對溴氰菊酯的抗性增長最快，23年間增長了50倍；其次為對順式氯氰菊酯的抗性，增長了32倍；對敵敵畏、氯菊酯的抗性均增長了10倍以上。 結(jié)論 通過本次研究可以得出以下結(jié)論：紹興市區(qū)蠅類種群分布與其他地區(qū)不盡相同；不同月份、不同生境，蠅類的種群構(gòu)成、密度不同；蠅類季節(jié)消長呈明顯的季節(jié)性特征；環(huán)境氣溫與蠅類密度呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系，蠅類密度在一定范圍內(nèi)隨氣溫的上升而增高；蠅類密度是腸道傳染病發(fā)病的重要影響因素，蠅類密度升高，腸道傳染病發(fā)病增加；紹興市區(qū)家蠅對敵敵畏、溴氰菊酯、順式氯氰菊酯已產(chǎn)生很高抗性，但對敵敵畏、氯菊酯的抗性發(fā)展相對緩慢，實(shí)施綜合治理，合理用藥，可抑制和延緩抗性發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:background
Flies can carry many pathogens and spread many diseases. According to statistics, flies can spread dozens of serious diseases, such as cholera, typhoid fever, diarrhea and tuberculosis. Some fly larvae can also directly enter various parts of the body of humans and animals, causing maggots in these parts of the great harm to humans. The degree of civilization and hygiene in the region has led to the extensive use of a large number of insecticides in Patriotic Health campaigns. However, this practice has led to a doubling of flies'resistance to commonly used insecticides, increasing year by year. A pressing matter of the moment.
Shaoxing city is located in the plain of northern Zhejiang province. The climate is mild and humid all the year round, the population is dense, the catering industry is developed, and the natural, humanistic and geographical conditions are very suitable for the habitat and breeding of flies. Warming and other factors make the species and environment suitable for fly breeding have changed a lot compared with the past. To a certain extent, the distribution and seasonal fluctuation of fly population in cities and towns have changed. Investigation of flies in 2004 revealed the distribution of flies, seasonal fluctuation, resistance of housefly to insecticides and the relationship between flies density and intestinal infectious diseases in Shaoxing city, which provided scientific basis for controlling flies and preventing and controlling intestinal infectious diseases.
Materials and methods
A survey site was set up in the new and old urban districts of Shaoxing City. Each survey site was divided into five habitats: garbage transfer station, residential area, agricultural market, catering industry and greening belt. Flies were monitored by cage trapping method and identified by ten days. Resistance of housefly to DDVP was determined by micro-drop method. Resistance to pesticides was tested. The epidemic data of intestinal infectious diseases were collected from the epidemic statistics report of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Yuecheng District.
The seasonal fluctuation of flies was analyzed by circular distribution method. The density and temperature of flies, the incidence of intestinal infectious diseases were analyzed by linear regression, and the drug resistance LD 50 of housefly was calculated and analyzed by weighted linear regression method.
Data collation and all statistical analysis procedures were completed in Excel 2003 and SPSS13.0.
Result
1. Population distribution and seasonal fluctuation of flies in Shaoxing urban area
Sixteen species of flies belonging to 10 genera and 5 families were identified in Shaoxing City. Among them, Golden Fly, Musca domestica and Lucilia sericata were the dominant species, Alice megacephala, Lucilia brilliant green fly, Sarcophagia melanogaster, Musca melanogaster, Stalk rot fly were the common species, and the rest were rare species.
In different years, the number and density of flies in different survey sites were different. The density of flies in new urban areas was obviously higher than that in old urban areas, and the average density in 2004 was higher than that in 2003.
The average density of flies in different habitats was 320.38 per cage per day in greenbelt, 187.91 per cage per day in farm market, 127.58 per cage per day in residential area and 127.44 per cage per day in restaurant. The average density of industrial flies was the lowest, 116.14 per cage per day. The highest density was found in all kinds of places.
The average density of flies in Shaoxing from 2003 to 2004 peaked on August 4 and June 8 to September 30. The peak density of flies in 2003 was August 11, June 17 to October 5, and in 2004 was February 29 and June 1. Until September 26th.
Two, the influence of environmental temperature on the seasonal fluctuation of flies.
The regression analysis of the monthly mean temperature and the average density of flies showed that there was a positive correlation between the temperature and the density of flies.
Three, the relationship between flies density and intestinal infectious diseases
The density of flies is an important factor affecting the incidence of intestinal infectious diseases. The correlation between the density of flies and the incidence of B-type intestinal infectious diseases in Shaoxing in the past two years was analyzed. The correlation coefficients between the density of flies and the incidence of intestinal infectious diseases in 2003 and 2004 were 0.846 and 0.612, respectively. Degree is an important factor affecting the incidence of intestinal infectious diseases.
Four, resistance of Musca domestica
Resistance of Musca domestica to deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, permethrin, aminothrin, dichlorvos and cis-cypermethrin was different in Shaoxing. DDVP and deltamethrin reached the highest resistance level, permethrin was high resistance level and aminothrin was low resistance level. The resistance of Musca domestica to deltamethrin increased fastest in Shaoxing from 1981 to 1983, 50 times in 23 years, 32 times in cis-cypermethrin, and 10 times in DDVP and permethrin.
conclusion
Through this study, we can draw the following conclusions: the distribution of fly population in Shaoxing is not the same as other areas; different months, different habitats, fly population composition, density is different; the seasonal fluctuation of flies shows obvious seasonal characteristics; environmental temperature and fly density is positively correlated, flies density within a certain range with the air. The density of flies is an important factor affecting the incidence of intestinal infectious diseases. The density of flies is increasing, and the incidence of intestinal infectious diseases is increasing. Musca domestica in Shaoxing has developed high resistance to dichlorvos, deltamethrin and cis-cypermethrin, but the resistance to dichlorvos and permethrin develops relatively slowly. It can inhibit and delay the development of resistance.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：R183

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