【摘要】：牦牛是我國高原重要的畜種,對高寒低氧的高原草地生態(tài)環(huán)境具有較好的適應(yīng)性。牦牛作為高原重要的生活資料,為牧民提供了食物、役力、皮毛和燃料等生產(chǎn)資料,是高原藏區(qū)的重要經(jīng)濟(jì)支柱。為了揭示成年牦牛扁桃體的免疫結(jié)構(gòu)組成和黏膜免疫相關(guān)細(xì)胞的分布特點(diǎn),本研究采用組織化學(xué)技術(shù)、圖像分析技術(shù)和透射電鏡技術(shù),對成年牦牛扁桃體的分布特征、組織結(jié)構(gòu)、免疫相關(guān)組織的組成與免疫細(xì)胞的分布進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的研究。結(jié)果表明:1牦牛扁桃體的解剖學(xué)與組織學(xué)特點(diǎn)牦牛頭部共分布有6個(gè)扁桃體,分別是腭扁桃體、軟腭扁桃體、舌扁桃體、會(huì)厭兩側(cè)扁桃體、咽扁桃體與咽鼓管扁桃體。扁桃體的基本結(jié)構(gòu)分為上皮層和固有層。在上皮層中,口咽部腭扁桃體、軟腭扁桃體、舌扁桃體與會(huì)厭兩側(cè)扁桃體的上皮層主要由復(fù)層扁平上皮細(xì)胞組成,其向內(nèi)凹陷形成許多分支隱窩,隨著隱窩的加深上皮層逐漸變薄。鼻咽部咽扁桃體與咽鼓管扁桃體上皮層主要由假復(fù)層纖毛柱狀上皮細(xì)胞組成,上皮層較薄。在結(jié)構(gòu)方面,口咽部與鼻咽部上皮層的細(xì)胞組成差異較大,上皮的厚度差異極顯著(P0.01)�？谘什寇涬癖馓殷w的單側(cè)面積為26.09±3.9455cm2,鼻咽部咽扁桃體的面積為25.17±3.1212cm2,它們之間差異不顯著(P0.05);咽鼓管扁桃體、會(huì)厭兩側(cè)扁桃體面積較小,與咽扁桃體、軟腭扁桃體的分布面積差異極顯著(P0.01)。在固有層中,口咽部腭扁桃體、會(huì)厭兩側(cè)扁桃體上皮下固有層中分布有大量的淋巴組織,組織內(nèi)淋巴小結(jié)生發(fā)中心明顯,小結(jié)數(shù)量差異不顯著(P0.05);鼻咽部咽扁桃體與咽鼓管扁桃體中淋巴組織分布豐富,數(shù)量差異極顯著(P0.01)。另外,在固有層中分布有豐富的血管、淋巴管與膠原纖維。2牦牛扁桃體免疫相關(guān)細(xì)胞分布特點(diǎn)上皮內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞主要分布在扁桃體的黏膜上皮層中�？谘什勘馓殷w的上皮層主要由復(fù)層扁平上皮組成,上皮組織結(jié)構(gòu)緊密,上皮內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞較少。鼻咽部扁桃體的上皮層主要由假復(fù)層纖毛柱狀上皮組成,上皮組織疏松,上皮內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞較多。在單位視野內(nèi),口咽部腭扁桃體、軟腭扁桃體與舌扁桃體上皮內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞的數(shù)量平均分別為10.16±3.2385Bb、4.48±0.7294Cc與6.96±1.4029Cc,鼻咽部咽扁桃體與咽鼓管扁桃體上皮內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞的數(shù)量平均分別為20.84±1.9047Aa與20.32±1.0640Aa,鼻咽部與口咽部扁桃體上皮內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞的數(shù)量差異極顯著(P0.01)。肥大細(xì)胞主要分布在上皮下結(jié)締組織與實(shí)質(zhì)部結(jié)締組織中的小血管和小淋巴管周圍�？谘什侩癖馓殷w與會(huì)厭兩側(cè)扁桃體上皮下肥大細(xì)胞的數(shù)量平均分別為8.04±0.8414Bb與6.96±0.8173Bb,鼻咽部咽鼓管扁桃體與咽扁桃體上皮下肥大細(xì)胞的數(shù)量平均分別為10.36±0.9317Aa與10.96±0.5177Aa,口咽部與鼻咽部扁桃體肥大細(xì)胞的數(shù)量差異極顯著(P0.01)。杯狀細(xì)胞主要分布在腭扁桃體、咽扁桃體與咽鼓管扁桃體的黏膜上皮細(xì)胞之間,數(shù)量平均分別為6.64±1.8515、33.92±7.7982與9.28±4.2863。3牦牛扁桃體超微結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)牦牛腭扁桃體復(fù)層扁平上皮細(xì)胞與咽鼓管扁桃體纖毛柱狀上皮之間存在有連接復(fù)合體結(jié)構(gòu)(緊密連接、中間連接與橋粒連接)。在咽鼓管扁桃體上皮細(xì)胞游離面有大量排列整齊的微絨毛。上皮內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)較少,胞核較大,染色質(zhì)深染,沿核膜分布。肥大細(xì)胞的胞質(zhì)內(nèi)聚集有許多高電子密度的顆粒。漿細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)中有大量粗內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)。杯狀細(xì)胞核的周圍有豐富的粗面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)和核糖體,胞質(zhì)中充滿大量黏液顆粒。
[Abstract]:Yak is an important animal breed in the plateau of China, and has good adaptability to the ecological environment of the plateau grassland with cold and hypoxia. As an important means of living on the plateau, yak provides herdsmen with means of production such as food, servitude, fur and fuel. It is an important economic pillar in the plateau Tibetan area. In this study, histochemistry, image analysis and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the distribution characteristics, histological structure, composition of immune related tissues and distribution of immune cells in adult yak tonsils. There are six tonsils in the head of yak, which are palatal tonsil, soft palatal tonsil, tonsil, epiglottis tonsil, pharyngeal tonsil and eustachian tube tonsil. The nasopharyngeal tonsil and eustachian tube tonsil epithelium are mainly composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells, and the epithelial layer is thin. Structurally, the oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal epithelium is thin. There were significant differences in cell composition and epithelial thickness (P 0.01). The unilateral area of the oropharyngeal soft palate tonsil was 26.09 (+ 3.9455 cm 2) and the nasopharyngeal pharyngeal tonsil was 25.17 (+ 3.1212 cm 2), but there was no significant difference between them (P 0.05). In the lamina propria, a large number of lymphoid tissues were distributed in the palatine tonsils of oropharynx and the subepithelial lamina propria of epiglottis, and the germinal center of endolymphatic nodules was obvious, but the number of nodules was not significantly different (P 0.05). In addition, there were abundant blood vessels in the lamina propria, lymphatic vessels and collagen fibers. 2. Immune-related cells in Yak tonsils. Intraepithelial lymphocytes were mainly distributed in the mucosal epithelium of tonsils. The epithelium of oropharyngeal tonsils was mainly composed of stratified flat epithelium with tight epithelial structure and epithelium. The epithelial layer of nasopharyngeal tonsil was mainly composed of pseudostratified ciliary columnar epithelium with loose epithelial tissue and more intraepithelial lymphocytes. The number of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the oropharyngeal tonsil, soft palatal tonsil and tongue tonsil was 10.16 (+3.2385Bb), 4.48 (+0.7294Cc) and 6.96 (+1). The number of intraepithelial lymphocytes in nasopharyngeal tonsils and eustachian tube tonsils was 20.84 (+1.9047Aa) and 20.32 (+1.0640Aa), respectively. The number of intraepithelial lymphocytes in nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal tonsils was significantly different (P 0.01). The number of subepithelial mast cells in the oropharyngeal palatine tonsil and epiglottis was 8.04 (+0.8414) Bb and 6.96 (+0.8173) Bb, respectively. The number of subepithelial mast cells in the nasopharyngeal eustachian tube tonsil and the pharyngeal tonsil was 10.36 (+0.9317) Aa and 10.96 (+0.5177) Aa, respectively. The number of goblet cells was mainly distributed between palatine tonsil, pharyngeal tonsil and eustachian tube tonsil. The average number of goblet cells was 6.64 (+ 1.8515), 33.92 (+ 7.7982) and 9.28 (+ 4.2863.3) respectively. There are many well-arranged microvilli on the free surface of the eustachian tube tonsil epithelial cells. The cytoplasm of the lymphocytes in the epithelium is less, the nucleus is larger, the chromatin is deep-stained, and distributes along the nuclear membrane. Many particles with high electron density. The plasma cytoplasm contains a large number of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The goblet nucleus is surrounded by abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes. The cytoplasm is filled with a large number of mucus particles.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S823.85

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