本文選題：玉米　切入點：碎米　出處：《四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：本論文研究玉米和碎米擠壓膨化加工參數(shù)優(yōu)化及其對斷奶仔豬生長性能的影響。斷奶改變了仔豬的營養(yǎng)來源和生活環(huán)境,對仔豬生理和心理造成一系列不良影響,往往會導(dǎo)致仔豬腸道結(jié)構(gòu)和功能損傷,消化生理紊亂,腹瀉發(fā)生率升高以及生長停滯。生產(chǎn)上一般通過提高飼料消化率和添加功能性添加劑來保障斷奶仔豬的營養(yǎng)攝入和消化生理恢復(fù)。谷物膨化后,其淀粉糊化,消化性和適口性提高,是幼齡動物優(yōu)質(zhì)的能量飼料來源。因此,選用合適的加工參數(shù)對玉米和碎米進(jìn)行膨化,提高飼料的適口性和消化性,將其應(yīng)用于斷奶仔豬飼糧,是保證仔豬在斷奶階段營養(yǎng)攝入和消化生理恢復(fù)的一種可行性營養(yǎng)措施。本研究3個試驗分別如下：試驗一玉米、碎米擠壓膨化加工參數(shù)優(yōu)化設(shè)計3因素3水平正交組合試驗,以糊化度為評價標(biāo)識,優(yōu)化玉米和碎米擠壓膨化加工參數(shù)。結(jié)果表明,(1)玉米擠壓膨化時,物料含水率和膨化腔溫度顯著(P0.05)影響玉米淀粉糊化度,3因素影響次序為：物料含水率膨化腔溫度喂料頻率；玉米膨化加工最優(yōu)參數(shù)組合為：物料含水率14%,膨化腔溫度140℃,喂料速率28.94kg/mim。(2)碎米擠壓膨化時,物料含水率顯著(P0.05)影響淀粉糊化度,3因素影響順序為：物料含水率喂料速率膨化腔溫度；碎米膨化加工最優(yōu)參數(shù)組合為：物料含水率16%,膨化腔溫度125℃,喂料速率20.21kg/min。試驗二膨化對玉米和碎米飼用價值和消化率的影響應(yīng)用試驗一優(yōu)化的加工參數(shù)對玉米和碎米進(jìn)行膨化加工,分別取樣玉米、膨化玉米、碎米和膨化碎米,對4種試驗樣品分別進(jìn)行常規(guī)概略養(yǎng)分分析、氨基酸組成分析和掃描電鏡觀察。對比考察膨化加工前后玉米和碎米常規(guī)營養(yǎng)組分、氨基酸組成和微觀形貌的差異,并通過消化代謝試驗測定玉米、膨化玉米、碎米和膨化碎米消化能和代謝能以及養(yǎng)分消化率。結(jié)果表明,(1)膨化加工后玉米和碎米的干物質(zhì)、粗蛋白、無氮浸出物、灰分、鈣、磷、總淀粉和總能值略有升高,但粗脂肪和粗纖維含量有所降低；玉米膨化加工后直鏈和支鏈淀粉含量都有小幅增加,而碎米膨化加工后直鏈淀粉含量減少支鏈淀粉含量增加,其淀粉支／直比升高。(2)膨化加工對玉米和碎米的氨基酸組成影響不明顯。(3)膨化加工后,玉米和碎米淀粉顆粒由規(guī)則顆粒狀徹底脹裂呈彌散的片狀和層狀結(jié)構(gòu)。(4)膨化加工顯著提高了玉米和碎米干物質(zhì)總腸道表觀消化率(P0.01)；玉米膨化加工后消化能和代謝能顯著升高(P0.01),氮的消化率顯著升高(P0.05)；膨化加工對碎米的消化能、代謝能和氮的消化率沒有顯著影響。試驗三、碎米和膨化碎米對斷奶仔豬生長性能的影響選取斷奶仔豬120頭(21日齡,平均體重5.76kg)隨機(jī)分為6組,每組5個重復(fù),每個重復(fù)4頭仔豬,進(jìn)行為期49天的生長試驗。試驗0-35天,設(shè)計6組處理飼糧,對照組(飼糧主要能量來源為50%玉米+50%膨化玉米),試驗組1(飼糧主要能量來源為40%玉米+40%膨化玉米+10%碎米+10%膨化碎米),試驗組2(飼糧主要能量來源為30%玉米+30%膨化玉米+20%碎米+20%膨化碎米),試驗組3(飼糧主要能量來源為20%玉米+20%膨化玉米+30%碎米+30%膨化碎米),試驗組4(飼糧主要能量來源為10%玉米+10%膨化玉米+40%碎米+40%膨化碎米),試驗組5(飼糧主要能量來源為50%碎米+50%膨化碎米)。試驗第35天后,仔豬稱重,選取生長性能較好的4個處理組仔豬,繼續(xù)飼喂14天,試驗飼糧設(shè)計為,對照組(飼糧主要能量來源為100%玉米),處理組1(飼糧主要能量來源為50%玉米+50%膨化玉米),處理組2(飼糧主要能量來源為50%玉米+50%碎米),處理組3(飼糧主要能量來源為50%玉米+50%膨化碎米)。結(jié)果表明,(1)試驗0-7天,試驗組仔豬的采食量(P0.05)、日增重(P0.05)和料肉比(P0.05)顯著高于對照組。(2)試驗36-49天,各組間采食量、日增重差異不顯著(P0.10),但是碎米替代玉米顯著(P0.05)提高了飼糧的轉(zhuǎn)換效率。(3)試驗全期碎米替代玉米作為21日齡斷奶仔豬飼糧的主要能量來源,提高了仔豬的生長性能,但未達(dá)到顯著水平(P0.10)。(4)隨著日糧中碎米替代玉米的比例增加,仔豬腹瀉情況得到緩解,但并未達(dá)到顯著水平(P0.10)。(5)飼糧處理對仔豬血漿葡萄糖、尿素氮、總蛋白、總膽固醇和磷的含量沒有顯著影響(P0.10),但是隨著飼料中碎米的替代比例的增加血漿鈣(14d,P0.001；28d,P0.05)和甘油三酯(14d,P0.001；28d,P0.05)含量線性降低。綜上所述,本研究結(jié)果表明：膨化改變了玉米和碎米的常規(guī)養(yǎng)分組成和淀粉顆粒結(jié)構(gòu),提高了其消化性和適口性：碎米和膨化碎米應(yīng)用于早期斷奶仔豬飼糧,可以提高仔豬的生長性能,緩解仔豬腹瀉,但在斷奶后期效果不明顯。因此,建議剛斷奶的仔豬飼喂碎米型飼糧,一周以后再逐漸轉(zhuǎn)換為玉米型飼糧。
[Abstract]:Parameter optimization of extrusion processing of corn and broken rice this paper extrusion and its effect on growth performance of weaned piglets weaned piglets. The change of nutrient sources and living environment, cause a series of adverse effects on the physiology and psychology of piglets, often lead to the structure and function of piglet intestinal injury, digestive disorders, increase the incidence of diarrhea and growth arrest. The general production by improving the feed digestibility and add functional additives to protect piglets nutritional intake and digestive physiology. After the recovery of puffed grain, starch gelatinization, digestibility and palatability, young animal quality energy feed sources. Therefore, selection of appropriate processing parameters of extrusion on corn and rice, improve feed palatability and digestibility, its application in weaned piglets, piglets is the guarantee in the intake and digestive physiology of weaning nutrition recovery stage A feasible nutritional measures. In this study, 3 experiments were as follows: a test of corn, rice extrusion parameter optimization design of 3 factors and 3 levels orthogonal test, the gelatinization degree of corn and rice identification evaluation, optimization of extrusion processing parameters. The results showed that, (1) corn extrusion, material moisture and extrusion chamber temperature (P0.05) significantly influence the degree of starch gelatinization, the 3 factors influencing the order: extrusion chamber temperature feeding frequency of material moisture; corn processing the optimal combination of parameters: 14% moisture content of material, extrusion chamber temperature is 140 degrees centigrade, the feed rate of 28.94kg/mim. (2) rice extrusion, moisture content significantly (P0.05 effect of starch gelatinization degree), 3 factors affecting the order of feeding rate expanded cavity temperature moisture content; rice puffing processing the optimal combination of parameters: moisture content of material is 16%, the expanded cavity temperature of 125 DEG C, feed Processing parameters of feed rate 20.21kg/min. test two expanded on corn and broken rice forage affect the value and digestibility test to optimize the application of extrusion on corn and rice, respectively Sampling Extruded Corn, corn, rice and puffed rice, 4 kinds of test samples were analyzed the conventional proximate nutrients, amino acid composition analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The comparative study of puffed corn and rice processing before and after nutritional components, differences in amino acid composition and morphology, and through the digestion and metabolism test of extruded corn, corn, energy and metabolic energy and nutrient digestibility of rice and puffed crushed meters digestion. The results showed that (1) of dry matter, puffing corn and rice after crude protein, nitrogen free extract, ash, calcium, phosphorus, total starch and always increases slightly, but the crude fat and crude fiber content decreased; bentonite processing corn amylose and amylopectin The starch content has increased slightly, while the rice puffing process after amylose content reduced amylopectin content increased, starch amylopectin / amylose ratio increased. (2) amino acid extrusion on corn and rice. The influence is not obvious. (3) expanded after processing, corn and rice starch granules by granular thoroughly splitting rules a diffusion sheet and layered structure. (4) extrusion significantly increased maize and rice dry matter digestibility (P0.01); intestinal puffed corn processing after the digestible energy and metabolizable energy were significantly increased (P0.01), nitrogen digestibility was significantly increased (P0.05); processing on digestibility of energy metabolizable energy and digestible nitrogen had no significant effect. In experiment three, effects of rice and puffed rice on growth performance of weaned piglets were weaned 120 piglets (21 days of age, average weight 5.76kg) were randomly divided into 6 groups, with 5 replicates, each repeated 4 head. Pig, growth trial lasted 49 days. The 0-35 day of the experiment, 6 groups of diet control group (dietary treatment, the main energy source for the 50% corn +50%, extruded corn) test group (1 of the main energy source for the 40% +40% +10% +10% broken corn puffed corn puffed rice), experimental group (2 of the main energy source 30% +30% +20% +20% broken corn puffed corn puffed rice), experimental group (3 of the main energy source for the 20% +20% +30% +30% broken corn puffed corn puffed rice), experimental group (4 of the main energy source for the 10% corn +10% extruded corn + 40% +40% rice puffed rice), experimental group (5 of the main energy source 50% +50% puffed rice). Rice test after thirty-fifth days, the growth performance of piglets weighing, selecting 4 piglets in the treatment group better, to continue for 14 days, the experimental diet control group (dietary design, main energy source is 100%, treatment group 1 (corn) feeding The main energy source for the 50% grain maize +50%), extruded corn group 2 (diet the main energy source for the 50% corn +50% rice), group 3 (with the main energy source for the 50% corn +50% puffed rice). The results showed that (1) the 0-7 day of the experiment, experimental group piglets feed intake, daily gain (P0.05) heavy (P0.05) and feed conversion ratio (P0.05) was significantly higher than the control group. (2) the 36-49 day of the experiment, each group intake, weight gain was not significantly different (P0.10), but the broken rice instead of corn significantly (P0.05) increased feed conversion efficiency. (3) during the whole period of broken rice instead of corn as the main energy from 21 day old weaned piglets, improve the growth performance of piglets, but did not reach significant level (P0.10). (4) with broken rice diets instead of corn increased the proportion of diarrhea eased, but did not reach significant level (P0.10). (5) diet on piglet plasma glucose. Urea Nitrogen, total protein, total cholesterol and phosphorus content had no significant effect (P0.10), but with the increase of plasma calcium in feed rice substitute ratio (14d, P0.001; 28d, P0.05) and triglycerides (14d, P0.001; 28d, P0.05) content decreased. In summary, the results of this study show that the expanded changed conventional nutrient composition and starch granule structure of maize and rice, improve the digestibility and palatability of rice and rice puffing: application in early weaned piglets, can improve the growth performance of piglets, alleviate piglet diarrhea, but the effect is not obvious in the late weaned piglets fed rice. Therefore, recommended diet after weaning. A week later, and then gradually converted to corn type diet.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S828.5

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