【摘要】：無菌動(dòng)物是不攜帶包括細(xì)菌、病毒、真菌和寄生蟲等任何外源生命形式的動(dòng)物。其研究起源于19世紀(jì)的法國科學(xué)家巴斯德,他研究了宿主和腸道菌群之間的關(guān)系后認(rèn)為:腸道菌群對(duì)于宿主的生存是極為重要的,如果沒有腸道菌群,宿主的生命維持將是不可能的。他實(shí)質(zhì)上依據(jù)的是“適者生存”的進(jìn)化論觀點(diǎn)。 無菌動(dòng)物的研究和建立,經(jīng)歷了一段漫長的過程。1895年Kijanizin在無菌代謝試驗(yàn)籠內(nèi)飼養(yǎng)家兔,飼喂無菌飼料和水,但兔的體重卻逐漸下降最后死亡。同年Nuttal和Thierfelder將剖腹產(chǎn)獲得的無菌豚鼠飼養(yǎng)于玻璃罩內(nèi),人工哺乳滅菌牛奶和純動(dòng)物性飼料共計(jì)8天,動(dòng)物外觀健康,其腸內(nèi)容物沒有檢測(cè)出細(xì)菌。直到20世紀(jì)40年代美國圣母大學(xué)Lobund實(shí)驗(yàn)室的Reyniers等人培育出無菌大鼠和無菌雞,并能連續(xù)傳代,證實(shí)高等動(dòng)物能夠在沒有外源性生物的情況下正常生存。 第一個(gè)無菌大白鼠群是美國Lobund小組于1951年建立的。我國由王蔭槐等人于1991年也曾培育成無菌大鼠,但是未見建立種群的報(bào)導(dǎo)。國內(nèi)現(xiàn)在沒有培育無菌大鼠。 普通的環(huán)境中存在大量的微生物,無菌動(dòng)物必須飼養(yǎng)在一個(gè)完全不含有微生物的空間內(nèi)。這樣的空間在自然界內(nèi)是不存在的,必須人為建造。這種人自己創(chuàng)造的并能夠保證無菌的裝置命名為隔離器。隨著無菌動(dòng)物研究的開展,無菌動(dòng)物的飼養(yǎng)裝置也不斷地改進(jìn)。1928年美國圣母大學(xué)細(xì)菌學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的Reyniers研制出
[Abstract]:Aseptic animals are animals that do not carry any form of exogenous life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Pasteur, a 19th-century French scientist who studied the relationship between the host and the intestinal flora, believes that intestinal flora is extremely important for the survival of the host, if there is no intestinal flora. The life of the host will not be possible. He is essentially based on the evolutionary point of view of the survival of the fittest. The study and establishment of aseptic animals went through a long process. In 1895, Kijanizin raised rabbits in the cage of aseptic metabolism test, fed aseptic feed and water, but the weight of rabbits gradually decreased and died. In the same year, Nuttal and Thierfelder raised the aseptic guinea pig produced by caesarean section in a glass cover and fed milk and animal feed for 8 days. The appearance of the animal was healthy, and no bacteria were detected in the intestinal contents of the guinea pig. It was not until the 1940s that Reyniers et al., from Lobund Laboratory, Notre Dame University, United States, developed sterile rats and sterile chickens, and passed on continuously, which proved that higher animals could survive normally without exogenous organisms. The first sterile rat colony was established in 1951 by the Lobund team in the United States. The aseptic rats were also bred by Wang Yinhu and others in China in 1991, but there is no report of establishing a population. No sterile rats have been bred in China. There are a large number of microorganisms in the ordinary environment, aseptic animals must be kept in a space that does not contain microorganisms at all. Such spaces do not exist in nature and must be built artificially. The device, created by the man himself and guaranteed to be sterile, is named the isolator. Along with the development of aseptic animal research, aseptic animal feeding equipment has been continuously improved. In 1928, Reyniers of Notre Dame University of the United States developed the bacteriological laboratory.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2006
【分類號(hào)】：R-332

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