SAP與PIX在免疫細胞信號傳導中作用機制的研究
[Abstract]:X chromosome linked lymphoproliferative syndrome is a kind of immune deficient hereditary disease.XLP that causes fatal mononuclear cell proliferation after EB virus infection. Some patients appear progressive gamma globulin and severe lymphocytic dysplasia, such as malignant lymphoid cancer. In some cases, patients will also come out. Autoimmune diseases, such as vasculitis, enteritis, or aplastic anemia. Even without EB virus infection, patients also have a variety of defects in patients with similar abnormal.XLP indicating that X chromosome linked lymphoproliferative syndrome is a fundamental immunodeficiency disease.
In 1998, three laboratories found that the abnormality of the SAP/SH2D1A/DSHP gene caused the XLP disease.SAP gene to be expressed in natural killer cells (NK) and T cells. The human SAP protein is a small molecular protein composed of 128 amino acids, of which 6-102 amino acids in the amino terminal form a SH2 functional domain and 26 of the carboxyl end. The amino acids are not homologous with any known functional domain. Many studies have shown that SAP can bind to the receptors of the SLAM family, including SLAM, 2B4 (CD244), CD84, Ly9 (CD229), NTB-A (Ly108), and CRACC.SAP by its SH2 functional domain, which are combined with the cytoplasmic parts of these receptors. Downstream signals, and the lack of normal function SAP protein in patients with X chromosome linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, it is inferred that the immune deficiency symptoms in XLP patients may be due to the inability of one or more SLAM family receptors to pass through SAP, and ultimately lead to a severe immune response.
In XLP patients, many immune cells have abnormal function, including CD4 positive T cells, CD8 positive T cells, NK cells and B cells. In addition, the immunodeficiency of SAP knockout mice also indicates that SAP plays a key role in immune regulation. These mice are highly susceptible to the sense of rodent lymphocytic choroidal meningitis virus and gamma herpes virus -68. The antiviral response of the CD8 positive T cells is also abnormal. The CD4 positive T cells isolated from the SAP knockout mice can not normally secrete the interleukin (4IL-4) under the stimulation of CD3 antibody, indicating that the signal pathway mediated by the T cell surface antigen receptor (TCR) is also abnormal.
Many laboratories have studied the signal transduction mechanism of SAP in T and NK cells. It has been reported that the SH2 functional domain of SAP can be combined with the SH3 functional domain of the Src family kinase Fyn and recruits Fyn to the SLAM family receptor, and thus mediates the signal pathway downstream of SLAM receptor and ultimately leads to the activation of the T cells. The immune deficiency symptoms in YN deficient mice are not exactly the same, suggesting that other signal molecules may be involved in the signal pathway of the SLAM-SAP in addition to Fyn, and a variety of symptoms also support the hint.
The yeast two hybrid screening system found that PIX family members and SAP.PIX family are a guanosine conversion factor of a class of small molecular guanosine enzyme Rac/Cdc42, and there are two members. The alpha and beta PIX.PIX proteins are composed of SH3 functional domains of N end, DH functional domain, PH functional domain and C end. The domain is combined with the proline enrichment area in PAK.
Through a series of immunoprecipitation experiments, we have shown that SAP and PIX have direct interaction in T cells. SAP mediates PIX being recruited to the SLAM family receptor and conducting the downstream signal of the SLAM receptor. While another protein EAT-2, similar to SAP, only contains SH2 functional domains, can not be combined with PIX and can not recruit PIX to the family. By mutation of the key point amino acid in SAP, we found that the combination of PIX and SAP is through the second interfaces in the SAP-SH2 functional domain, so it does not affect the binding of SAP to SLAM.
By constructing the truncate and key point amino acid mutations, we found that the SH3 functional domain of PIX is sufficient and necessary for the binding of SAP. In mammalian cells, SAP and PAK are competing with PIX. in addition to SAP and PIX, and Cdc42 in the activation state forms a complex, suggesting that SAP and PIX may mediate the signaling pathway of the SLAM family receptor. The downstream signal paths are connected.
In order to reveal the role of PIX and SAP in the related signal transduction, we have detected the effect of SAP in the signaling pathways of NFkB, NFAT, AP-1, and p53 in the signaling pathway of NFkB, NFAT, AP-1 and p53, and we have detected no significant effect in the NFkB, AP-1 and p53 signaling pathways. The effect of NFAT (activated T nuclear factor) active.SAP is achieved by synergistic action with the calcium ion signal. So far, only the active form of Ras has such strong activation, suggesting that SAP may have a special role in the activation of T cells. And the SAP homologous analogue EAT-2 has no effect on the activation of NFAT. In addition, SAP is closed. The key point amino acid mutants SAP-R32Q and SAP-R78A do not have this effect, proving that the signal of the SLAM receptor and the downstream of the SAP is necessary for the activation of SAP. The Ras in the inactivation state completely blocks the activation of the SAP to NFAT, suggesting that the Ras signaling pathway is necessary for SAP activation NFAT, and SAP may play a role by directly participating in the signaling pathway. It may also affect the signal transduction of Ras through other signaling pathways.
In order to verify the significance of the combination of SAP-PIX in the activation of SAP in NFAT, we constructed the functional domain of the functional blockage PIX-SH3. Through NFAT reporter gene detection, it was found that the expression of the PIX-SH3 functional domain completely inhibited the activation effect of SAP on NFAT, and the PIX-SH3-W43P/W44G functional domain, which was not associated with SAP, did not affect SAP. The activation of the NFAT signal indicates that the binding of SAP-PIX may have special effects on the activation of T cells. In addition, the expression of the Fyn-SH3 functional domain does not affect the activation of SAP to NFAT signals, indicating that PIX may be another major target in the T cell signaling pathway to the combination of SAP.
Here, our study reveals that the X chromosome linked lymphoproliferative syndrome gene product SAP interacts with the guanosine conversion factor PIX of Rac/Cdc42 and participates in the T cell signaling pathway, which can help to elucidate the etiology of X linked lymphoproliferative syndrome and lay the foundation for the study of the treatment of XLP.
【學位授予單位】:上海交通大學
【學位級別】:博士
【學位授予年份】:2007
【分類號】:R392
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