發(fā)布時間：2018-05-08 04:37

  本文選題：腺垂體 + 細胞間池��； 參考：《河北醫(yī)科大學》2007年碩士論文

【摘要】： 垂體是機體重要的內(nèi)分泌器官,從胚胎發(fā)生學和組織學特點,可分為腺垂體和神經(jīng)垂體兩部分,產(chǎn)生多種肽類激素。近年來,關(guān)于垂體的研究仍存在一些有爭議的問題。 第一,關(guān)于垂體周圍是否也存在腦組織表面的三層被膜,仍有不同的說法,有學者認為垂體外面包以由硬膜構(gòu)成的被囊,在鞍隔以下,垂體周圍沒有蛛網(wǎng)膜和軟腦膜,硬腦膜與垂體緊密相貼。也有學者認為,由于多數(shù)鞍隔孔的邊緣離垂體柄較遠,鞍隔以上的蛛網(wǎng)膜,在垂體柄處反折,約有8%~56%的個體,其蛛網(wǎng)膜突入孔內(nèi),深度多2mm。還有人認為,蛛網(wǎng)膜可經(jīng)鞍膈孔突入鞍內(nèi),形成垂體周圍的蛛網(wǎng)膜下隙。Kaufman根據(jù)蝶鞍影像學表現(xiàn)認為,垂體周圍存在蛛網(wǎng)膜囊。 第二,關(guān)于腺垂體多肽激素的釋放形式和轉(zhuǎn)運途徑,多數(shù)學者認為,腺垂體多肽激素是以胞吐分泌的形式,被釋放入細胞外的組織液中,經(jīng)腺垂體內(nèi)有孔型毛細血管吸收,進入血液循環(huán)發(fā)揮作用。近年來,李光容等應用透射電鏡,觀察了牛和大鼠腺垂體,在細胞間隙內(nèi),發(fā)現(xiàn)大小、形態(tài)及電子密度,與鄰近腺垂體內(nèi)分泌細胞內(nèi)相似的顆粒。虞培玲和李肇特應用免疫膠體金標記法,用透射電鏡觀察到ACTH細胞的內(nèi)分泌顆粒,在細胞膜下向細胞外突出,以及在細胞外觀察到完整的免疫金標記分泌顆粒,推測ACTH細胞的分泌方式,除胞吐分泌外,可能還有類似于外分泌腺的頂漿分泌。王保芝等用電鏡觀察猴松果體、人胰島組織和大鼠的神經(jīng)垂體,均在細胞外血管周隙和組織間隙內(nèi),觀察到完整的大型膜包分泌顆粒,認為松果體細胞、胰島細胞和神經(jīng)垂體分泌顆粒的外排形式,存在連同顆粒被膜的整體釋放形式。以上種種跡象提示,腺垂體細胞的多肽激素分泌顆粒,也可能存在整體釋放的分泌方式,并首先被轉(zhuǎn)運到腦脊液中,但尚缺乏形態(tài)學方面的支持。 第三,關(guān)于下丘腦與腺垂體之間的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能聯(lián)系,以及下丘腦釋放的促垂體激素,是如何轉(zhuǎn)運到腺垂體而發(fā)揮作用的。傳統(tǒng)知識認為,下丘腦與腺垂體之間,沒有直接的神經(jīng)聯(lián)系,它們之間借助垂體門脈系統(tǒng),實現(xiàn)功能上的緊密聯(lián)系。下丘腦促垂體區(qū)內(nèi)的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌細胞,主要位于下丘腦的內(nèi)側(cè)基底部,其軸突投射到正中隆起,軸突末梢與垂體門脈的初級毛細血管叢接觸,首先將下丘腦產(chǎn)生的調(diào)節(jié)肽,釋放入垂體門脈,經(jīng)垂體門脈血管運輸至腺垂體,再從腺垂體內(nèi)次級毛細血管叢(血竇)擴散出來,調(diào)節(jié)腺垂體細胞的分泌活動。但也有學者認為,下丘腦的調(diào)節(jié)肽,可以經(jīng)過垂體門脈血管周圍的組織間隙,直接輸送到腺垂體而發(fā)揮作用。 因此,本實驗觀察SD大鼠腺垂體的表面特征,內(nèi)部的細微和超微結(jié)構(gòu)特點;觀察垂體周圍是否存在軟腦膜和蛛網(wǎng)膜;為腺垂體多肽激素直接釋放入腦脊液的可能途徑,下丘腦與腺垂體之間的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能聯(lián)系,提供形態(tài)學依據(jù)。 一、腺垂體表面結(jié)構(gòu)特點的形態(tài)學觀察 目的:探討腺垂體周圍是否存在腦組織周圍的三層被膜。 方法:通過組織切片的HE染色光鏡觀察,應用透射和掃描電鏡,觀察SD大鼠腺垂體表面的結(jié)構(gòu)特點。 結(jié)果:HE染色切片觀察顯示,在大鼠腺垂體表面,存在一層由單層上皮細胞構(gòu)成的被膜,被膜下還有一薄層疏松結(jié)締組織。掃描電鏡觀察顯示,腺垂體表面是由單層扁平上皮構(gòu)成的垂體囊,上皮細胞伸出許多指狀突起,形成表面的微絨毛;相鄰的上皮細胞之間,存在2-5μm的囊上皮孔。透射電鏡觀察顯示,腺垂體包被有由單層扁平上皮和上皮下結(jié)締組織構(gòu)成的垂體囊。 結(jié)論:在大鼠腺垂體周圍,存在與腦組織表面延續(xù)的三層被膜。軟膜性垂體囊表面,存在上皮孔、分泌顆粒及巨噬細胞等結(jié)構(gòu)成分。 二、腺垂體多肽激素釋放入腦脊液途徑的觀察 目的:探討腺垂體肽類激素直接釋放入腦脊液途徑的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎。 方法:對SD大鼠腺垂體的常規(guī)和DMSO冷凍割斷電鏡樣品,進行了掃描和透射電鏡觀察。 結(jié)果:掃描電鏡觀察顯示,大鼠腺垂體表面的上皮細胞之間,存在2~5μm的囊上皮孔,上皮孔附近可見球形分泌顆粒,還觀察到圓形和多突形巨噬細胞。透射電鏡和DMSO冷凍割斷樣品的掃描電鏡觀察顯示,腺垂體主要由各類腺細胞所組成,腺細胞之間存在大量大小不等的細胞間池;腺垂體內(nèi)的毛細血管為窗孔(50nm)型,內(nèi)皮外尚有基膜與血管周圍結(jié)締組織分隔,在細胞間池和血管周隙內(nèi),可見大量完整的膜包分泌顆粒(100~300nm)。 結(jié)論:腺垂體多肽激素分泌顆粒的釋放形式,存在連同顆粒被膜的整體釋放;釋放入腺垂體組織液中的多肽激素或分泌顆粒,更易通過細胞間池-血管周隙-囊上皮孔,直接進入蛛網(wǎng)膜下隙的腦脊液中。 三、下丘腦與垂體之間的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能聯(lián)系 目的:探討下丘腦與垂體之間的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能聯(lián)系,以及下丘腦多肽激素是如何被轉(zhuǎn)運到腺垂體發(fā)揮作用的。方法:對SD大鼠垂體柄進行了HE染色切片的光鏡觀察和超薄切片透射電鏡觀察。 結(jié)果:光鏡和電鏡觀察顯示,垂體柄由被膜包裹,內(nèi)含兩類主要結(jié)構(gòu)。一類是下丘腦至神經(jīng)垂體的縱行纖維束,由粗細不等的無髓神經(jīng)纖維組成,即視上—室旁垂體束;另一類是連接正中隆起和腺垂體毛細血管叢之間的數(shù)條垂體門脈。垂體門脈的血管,只由一層有孔內(nèi)皮細胞構(gòu)成,管徑粗大,含有大量的血細胞,屬于毛細血管性質(zhì);垂體門脈的血管之間,以及垂體纖維束周圍,存在寬闊的疏松結(jié)締組織,可見成纖維細胞和巨噬細胞。 結(jié)論:下丘腦多肽激素經(jīng)視上—室旁垂體束,運送到神經(jīng)垂體釋放;可通過垂體門脈系統(tǒng)輸送到腺垂體,也可經(jīng)垂體柄內(nèi)組織間隙,直接輸送到腺垂體而發(fā)揮作用。
[Abstract]:The pituitary gland is an important endocrine organ of the body. From embryology and histology, it can be divided into two parts of the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis, producing a variety of peptide hormones. In recent years, there are still some controversial problems in the study of the pituitary.
First, there are still different statements about whether there are three layers of membrane on the surface of the brain tissue around the pituitary. Some scholars believe that the pituitary bread is a capsule composed of the dura. Below the sellar septum, there is no arachnoid and pia around the pituitary, and the dura is closely attached to the pituitary. Far, the arachnoid omentum above the sellar septum is reflexed at the pituitary stalk, about 8%~56% of the individual, the arachnoid penetration into the hole, the depth of more 2mm., and it is believed that the arachnoid membrane can penetrate the saddle through the saddle diaphragm and form the subarachnoid space around the pituitary gland, which is recognized according to the sella sella image, and the arachnoid capsule around the hypophysis.
Second, on the release form and transport pathway of adenohypophysis polypeptide hormone, most scholars believe that adenohypophysis polypeptide hormone is released in the form of exocytosis, and is released into the tissue fluid outside the cell. It is absorbed through the pore capillary in the pituitary gland and enters the blood circulation. In recent years, Li Guangrong and other used transmission electron microscopy to observe the cattle. The size, morphology and electron density of the rat's pituitary gland were found in the space of the cell. The particles similar to that in the adjacent pituitary endocrine cells were found. Yu Peiling and Li Zhaote used the immunogold gold labeling method to observe the endocrine particles in ACTH cells by transmission electron microscope, protruding out of the cell under the cell membrane, and observing the integrity of the cells outside the cell. In addition to the secretion of ACTH cells, the secretion of the secretory granules of the ACTH cells may be similar to that of the exocrine gland. The monkey pineal body, the human islet tissue and the neurohypophysis of the rat are observed by electron microscopy. All the large membrane secretory granules are observed in the peripheral blood vessels and in the interwoven gap. It is considered that the pineal cells, islet cells and the neurohypophysis secrete the outer platoon form, and there is a whole release form together with the granular membrane. All the above indications suggest that the polypeptide hormone secreting particles in the adenohypophysis cells may also exist as a whole release form, and are first transported to the cerebrospinal fluid, but lack of morphological aspects. Support.
Third, the structure and function connection between the hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis, and the pituitary hormone released by the hypothalamus, how the pituitary hormones are transported to the adenohypophysis. Traditional knowledge holds that there is no direct neural connection between the hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis, which helps the hypophysis portal system to achieve functional close connections. The neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus, mainly located in the medial basal part of the hypothalamus, whose axons projecting to the median eminence. The axon ends in contact with the primary capillary plexus of the pituitary portal. First, the regulation peptide produced in the hypothalamus is released into the pituitary portal vein, transported to the pituitary by the pituitary portal vein, and then from the hypophysis. The capillary plexus (blood sinus) diffuses to regulate the secretory activity of the adenhypophysis cells. However, some scholars believe that the regulating peptide in the hypothalamus can be transported directly to the pituitary through the interstitial space around the blood vessels of the hypophyseal portal vein.
Therefore, we observed the surface features of the adenohypophysis of SD rats and the microscopic and ultrastructural features of the internal hypophysis, observed the presence of the pia meninges and arachnoid omentum around the pituitary gland, the possible pathway for the direct release of the pituitary polypeptide hormone into the cerebrospinal fluid, the structural and functional relation between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, and provided a morphological basis.
The morphological observation of the surface structure of the adenhypophysis
Objective: To investigate whether there are three layers of membranes around the pituitary gland.
Methods: HE staining of histological sections was used to observe the structural features of the hypophysis of SD rats by transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
Results: HE staining showed that there was a layer of membrane composed of monolayer epithelial cells on the surface of the rat adenhypophysis, and a thin layer of loose connective tissue under the membrane. The scanning electron microscope showed that the surface of the pituitary gland was a pituitary capsule consisting of a single layer of flat epithelium, and the epithelial cells extended a number of finger shaped protuberances and formed microvilli on the surface. Between the epithelial cells of the adjacent epithelium, there is a 2-5 m pouch on the surface of the capsule. The transmission electron microscope shows that the pituitary gland is a pituitary capsule consisting of a single layer of flat epithelium and an inferior connective tissue.
Conclusion: there are three layers of membrane that continue with the surface of the brain tissue around the pituitary gland of the rat. The surface of the soft membrane of the pituitary gland has the structural components such as the upper hole, the secretory granules and the macrophage.
Two, the release of polypeptide hormones from the adenohypophysis into cerebrospinal fluid.
Objective: To explore the structural basis of direct release of peptide hormones from the adenosine pituitary into cerebrospinal fluid.
Methods: the adenosine hypophysis of SD rats was examined by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope (SEM) under conventional and DMSO freeze cutting electron microscope samples.
Results: the scanning electron microscope showed that the epithelial cells on the surface of the pituitary gland existed between the rat's adeno hypophysis, and there was a 2~5 mu m on the surface of the capsule. Spherical secretory granules were visible near the epithelial hole. The circular and multi process macrophages were observed. The scanning electron microscopy of transmission electron microscopy and DMSO frozen cut samples showed that the adeno was mainly composed of all kinds of gland cells. There are a large number of intercellular pools between different sizes; the capillaries in the pituitary gland are the 50nm type, and the outer membrane is still separated by the connective tissue around the vessels. In the intercellular pool and the perivascular space, a large number of intact membrane secretory granules (100~300nm) are visible.
Conclusion: the release form of the adenohypophysis polypeptide hormone secreting particles exists together with the whole release of the granular membrane, and the polypeptide hormones or secretory particles released into the tissue fluid of the adenohypophysis are more easily entered into the subarachnoid slots through the intercellular pool - the perivascular gap - the pouch on the subarachnoid space.
Three, the structural and functional connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Objective: To investigate the relationship between the structure and function of hypothalamus and pituitary, and how the hypothalamus is transported to the adenohypophysis. Methods: the light microscopy and ultrathin section of the pituitary stalk of SD rats were observed by light microscopy and ultrathin section transmission electron microscopy.
Results: the optical and electron microscopic observations showed that the pituitary stalk was wrapped by the membrane and contained two main types of structures. One was the longitudinal fiber bundle of the hypothalamus to the neurohypophysis, composed of unamedullary nerve fibers with different thickness, that is, the paraventricular paramicular hypophysis bundles, and the other a few pituitary portal veins connecting the median eminence and the adenhypophysis capillaries. The blood vessels of the portal vein are composed of only one layer of porous endothelial cells. The diameter of the tube is large and contains a large number of blood cells. It belongs to the nature of the capillary; it is between the vessels of the pituitary portal vein and the hypophyseal fiber bundle. There are broad loose connective tissue, fibroblasts and giant macrophages.
Conclusion: the paraventricular paramparo pituitary bundle of hypothalamus is transported to the neurohypophysis and can be transported to the pituitary through the pituitary portal system, and can be transported directly to the pituitary by the interstitial space of the pituitary stalk.

【學位授予單位】：河北醫(yī)科大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：R322

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