【摘要】：聲調(diào)是留學(xué)生漢語語音學(xué)習(xí)中的一個難點(diǎn)。本文通過跟蹤調(diào)查,針對4名來華學(xué)習(xí)漢語半年左右的美國留學(xué)生,進(jìn)行課文朗讀和自由會話的語音收集,通過4個月的語料采集,匯總了朗讀和會話的聲調(diào)發(fā)音數(shù)據(jù)并進(jìn)行分析對比。研究圍繞三個目標(biāo)展開：檢驗(yàn)四聲習(xí)得難度；對比自由會話和課文朗讀時的聲調(diào)發(fā)音特征；跟蹤觀察留學(xué)生語音表現(xiàn)的變化過程和發(fā)展趨勢。 第一部分緒論,概述選題緣由、研究目標(biāo)及研究方法�，F(xiàn)有針對漢語學(xué)習(xí)者的聲調(diào)習(xí)得研究中,在研究角度上,朗讀語料研究多于會話語料研究；在研究素材上,單字表及詞表朗讀研究遠(yuǎn)多于句子課文朗讀研究：在研究方法上,跟蹤調(diào)查研究很少。綜述前人的研究,既進(jìn)行縱向的跟蹤錄音,又將自由會話和課文朗讀進(jìn)行橫向?qū)Ρ鹊难芯咳允且粋�空缺。研究設(shè)計方面,扼要介紹了本文的研究對象、錄音材料、錄音過程、以及數(shù)據(jù)處理和分析方式。本文針對四名來華學(xué)習(xí)漢語時間在4—6個月左右的美國留學(xué)生進(jìn)行課文朗讀和自由會話的研究,錄音過程為期4個月,共收集錄音15次,課文朗讀材料選自錄音當(dāng)周學(xué)生課堂上使用的教材。通過對朗讀材料進(jìn)行難度控制,選取7次錄音進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計,用excel對偏誤情況進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計,總結(jié)調(diào)型和調(diào)域問題,并用praat進(jìn)行語音圖分析。 第二部分理論基礎(chǔ)與研究綜述,介紹已有聲調(diào)習(xí)得領(lǐng)域的理論基礎(chǔ)和前人的研究成果。理論基礎(chǔ)部分主要介紹了遷移理論及其發(fā)展、中介語理論、語音變異理論,并著重就中介語理論中的“僵化”現(xiàn)象,以及語音變異理論中的情境語境對語音的影響進(jìn)行介紹。研究成果綜述主要就針對不同母語的漢語學(xué)習(xí)者的聲調(diào)習(xí)得研究,以及關(guān)于漢語聲調(diào)教學(xué)方法的研究進(jìn)行介紹。 第三部分課文朗讀和自由會話部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)分析對比。分別就偏誤情況、調(diào)型調(diào)域問題、音高圖進(jìn)行個案分析。筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)朗讀和會話的語音表現(xiàn)有一定的相關(guān)性,但會話部分會出現(xiàn)新的問題。偏誤率方面,朗讀部分陽平偏誤率最高,其次是去聲和上聲,陰平發(fā)音情況最好；會話部分去聲偏誤率最高,陽平偏誤率與去聲很接近,然后是上聲,陰平保持較低的偏誤率。調(diào)域方面,四名被試在朗讀和會話中都出現(xiàn)的普遍問題是調(diào)域過窄,其中陽平在朗讀時的問題最大,上聲在會話時基本以半上調(diào)域出現(xiàn)。調(diào)型方面,會話時的調(diào)型問題更多,顯示出發(fā)音的隨意性,可能與自我聲調(diào)監(jiān)控意識減弱有關(guān)。 第四部分縱向發(fā)音數(shù)據(jù)分析。筆者將跨度4個月的語音樣本進(jìn)行縱向的數(shù)據(jù)分析,試圖總結(jié)4名被試的共同聲調(diào)變化及趨勢,隨后進(jìn)行個案分析,尤其針對學(xué)習(xí)者的變化顯著的聲調(diào)進(jìn)行描述和對比。在一段時間的學(xué)習(xí)和糾音訓(xùn)練后,四名被試的四聲偏誤率下降程度不顯著,但存在波動,且四聲的偏誤率下降程度因人而異,每個被試的四個聲調(diào)的改善幅度不同。調(diào)域問題比調(diào)型問題糾正難度大,個別被試出現(xiàn)“僵化”現(xiàn)象。 第五部分偏誤原因與教學(xué)建議。針對本文的發(fā)現(xiàn),就被試的聲調(diào)發(fā)音問題從情境變異、母語負(fù)遷移、漢語聲調(diào)特點(diǎn)等角度分析了偏誤產(chǎn)生的原因。并結(jié)合本文的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),從聲調(diào)教學(xué)順序、適度糾音、語音訓(xùn)練材料選取、學(xué)習(xí)者的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣和方法幾個方面,為漢語聲調(diào)教學(xué)提出建議。 第六部分結(jié)論。對主要研究結(jié)論進(jìn)行總結(jié),并提出研究不足以及尚待解決和研究的問題,如擴(kuò)大被試數(shù)量、延長跟蹤時間,以及進(jìn)行不同水平的漢語學(xué)習(xí)者的聲調(diào)表現(xiàn)對比等。
[Abstract]:The tone is a difficult point in the Chinese speech study of the international students. In this paper, through follow-up investigation, four Chinese students who come to China to study Chinese half a year, carry out the speech collection of the text reading and the free conversation, and collect the voice data of the reading and the session through the data collection of 4 months, and compare them with the analysis. The research focused on three objectives: to test the difficulty of four-sound acquisition, to compare the pronunciation characteristics of the tone in the free session and the text, and to follow up the changing process and the development trend of the students' voice performance. The first part, the introduction, the summary of the reason, the research goal and the research party In the current study of the Chinese learners' tone acquisition, the study of the reading material is more than the study of the discourse material in the study angle. The study on the reading of the single-word and the word list is far more than the reading of the text of the sentence. In this paper, the author reviews the previous studies, which not only carries on the longitudinal tracking and recording, but also the study of the lateral contrast between the free conversation and the text reading is still an empty one. The research object, the recording material, the recording process, the data processing and the analysis party of this paper are briefly introduced in the aspect of the research and design. This paper studies the text and the free session of four American students who have been studying Chinese time in four to six months. The recording process is four months. The recording is carried out for 15 times. The reading material of the text is selected from the teaching of the students in the classroom. Materials. Through the difficulty control of the reading material, select 7 recording to carry on the data statistics, and use excel to make statistics on the error condition, summarize the problem of the adjustment and the adjustment, and use the pat to make the voice picture. On the basis of the theory and the research of the second part, the paper introduces the theoretical basis and the research of the previous researches in the field of tone acquisition. The basic part of the theory mainly introduces the theory of migration and its development, the theory of interlanguage and the theory of speech variation, and emphasizes on the "rigid" in the theory of the interlanguage and the influence of the context in the theory of speech variation on the speech. The summary of the research results is mainly on the study of the tone acquisition of Chinese learners with different mother tongue and the study of the teaching method of the Chinese tone. Introduction. Part 3: Number of text-reading and free session parts According to the analysis and comparison. A case-by-case analysis. The author has found that the speech performance of the reading and the session has a certain correlation, but the conversation part will show On the other hand, the error rate of the reading part is the highest, the second is to go to the sound and the sound, the yin flat pronunciation is the best; the conversation part has the highest error rate, the error rate of the positive level is close to the going sound, and then the upper sound and the yin flat keep the higher. In the field of regulation, the common problems of the four subjects in the reading and the conversation are too narrow, in which the problem of Yangping at the time of reading is the greatest, and the upper sound is in the middle of the session. Up-regulation of the appearance of the domain. In the aspect of profile adjustment, the type of adjustment during the session is much more, showing the arbitrariness of the pronunciation, and may be related to the self-tone monitoring. The fourth part of the longitudinal direction Data analysis is made to the pronunciation data. The author analyses the speech samples of four months in the longitudinal direction, tries to sum up the change and the trend of the four tested common tones, and then carries on the case analysis, in particular the tone of the learner's change. The four-tone partial error rate of four subjects was not significant, but there was a fluctuation, and the degree of deviation of the four-tone deviation was different from person to person, and the four tones of each subject were different. The improvement of the adjustment range is different. The problem of adjusting the domain is more difficult than the adjustment problem, and the individual subjects have the

"rigid" < / unk> phenomenon. Part V According to the findings of this paper, the problem of the tone pronunciation of the test is divided from the situation variation, the negative transfer of the mother tongue, the characteristics of the Chinese tone and so on. This paper analyzes the causes of the bias generation, and in combination with the research in this paper, it is for the Chinese to choose from the teaching sequence of the tone, the appropriate tone, the selection of the speech training material, the learner's learning habits and methods. On the Teaching of the Tone of the Language Recommendations. Part VI. Conclusion. Summary of the main findings and issues to be addressed and studied, such as the expansion of the number of subjects, the extension of the tracking time, and the implementation of different levels of Chinese
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：H195.3

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