【摘要】：長沙子彈庫戰(zhàn)國楚帛書，出土于1942年，是出土最早的戰(zhàn)國簡帛文獻(xiàn)。楚帛書的研究僅有七十多年的歷史，其研究成果豐富，但其語法研究成果卻相對匱乏。我們從詞法的角度，對楚帛書中的實(shí)詞、虛詞進(jìn)行窮盡式的專門研究，嘗試描述其語法特征與語法功能，以填補(bǔ)楚帛書研究中詞法研究方面的空白。 楚帛書中的實(shí)詞分為名詞、動詞、形容詞、數(shù)量詞、代詞等五類。 第一，名詞數(shù)量眾多，分為稱人名詞、指物名詞、處所名詞、方位名詞、時(shí)間名詞五類。其中稱人名詞30個(gè)，指物名詞115個(gè)，處所名詞12個(gè)，方位名詞7個(gè)，時(shí)間名詞8個(gè)，共172個(gè)。名詞的語法特征為能夠受名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞、動詞、形容詞修飾，并未發(fā)現(xiàn)副詞修飾名詞的例子。其語法功能為充當(dāng)句子的主語、賓語、定語、謂語和狀語。另外，名詞的活用現(xiàn)象很少，均活用為動詞。第二，動詞的數(shù)量僅次于名詞，共129個(gè)，其中及物動詞60個(gè)，不及物動詞69個(gè)。動詞內(nèi)存在兼類現(xiàn)象，能夠受副詞修飾，一般可以帶賓語。動詞主要作謂語，還可作主語、賓語、定語，極少作狀語、補(bǔ)語。動詞可以連用，有作連動式謂語、同義動詞的連用和反義動詞連用三種情況。第三，形容詞共有26個(gè)，分屬于性質(zhì)形容詞和狀態(tài)形容詞兩類，分別為20個(gè)和6個(gè)。形容詞的語法特征是能受副詞的修飾，不能帶賓語。形容詞，尤其是表狀態(tài)的形容詞可以重疊。形容詞的語法功能是可以作定語、主語、賓語、謂語或謂語中心，極少作補(bǔ)語。第四，數(shù)詞包括基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞兩類，其中序數(shù)詞有表具體日期、長幼次序以及其他專有的紀(jì)年或表次序的詞構(gòu)成。數(shù)詞一般直接修飾名詞。其語法功能為能直接作定語、狀語，還可以與名詞構(gòu)成定中結(jié)構(gòu)作句子的主語。第五，楚帛書中未出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)格意義上的量詞。第六，代詞數(shù)量很少，僅有4個(gè)，分別為人稱代詞“l(fā)（厥）”、“之”、“亓（其）”和指示代詞“是”。其主要的語法功能為充當(dāng)句子的定語、主語、謂語，指示代詞“是”還可以充當(dāng)狀語成分。 楚帛書中的虛詞包括副詞、介詞、連詞、助詞、語氣詞五類。 第一，副詞主要有程度副詞2個(gè)、時(shí)間副詞7個(gè)、否定副詞6個(gè)、關(guān)聯(lián)副詞1個(gè)、范圍副詞4個(gè)、累加副詞1個(gè)。副詞有修飾動詞性謂語、形容詞性謂語、數(shù)量短語、主謂短語的語法特征，帛書中副詞的語法功能為在句中作狀語。第二，共有“自”、“于”、“（以）”、“在”4個(gè)介詞。其中“自”引進(jìn)行為動作發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)；“于”引進(jìn)地點(diǎn)名詞、方位名詞、代詞和名詞。以上兩個(gè)均與引入的內(nèi)容構(gòu)成介賓短語，放在謂語之后�！埃ㄒ裕笨梢砸氪~、名詞構(gòu)成介賓短語，放在謂語之前�！安牛ㄔ冢笨梢砸胄袨閯幼鞯奶幩�。介詞可與賓語構(gòu)成介賓短語充當(dāng)狀語和補(bǔ)語，個(gè)別介詞可省略賓語直接修飾謂語中心詞作狀語。第三，連詞共有“（以）”、“則”、“女（如）”、“隹（惟）”、“（由）”、“有（又）”等六個(gè)。從表達(dá)關(guān)系上分有目的連詞、原因連詞、結(jié)果連詞、并列連詞、順承連詞、假設(shè)連詞。連詞只起連接作用，不能獨(dú)立作句子成分，也沒有修飾作用。第四，助詞是漢語各詞類中獨(dú)立性最差，意義最不實(shí)在的虛詞，不能單獨(dú)使用或充當(dāng)句子成分。楚帛書中的共有三個(gè)助詞，分別為作前綴的語綴助詞“又（有）”、結(jié)構(gòu)助詞“之”與“是”�！坝小笨梢苑旁趯Ｓ忻~前構(gòu)成附加式合成詞，，或放在單音節(jié)形容詞之前；“之”一般在定語和中心語之間，或在主語和謂語之間使之成為偏正的定中結(jié)構(gòu)。第五，語氣詞共5個(gè)，分別為句首語氣詞“曰”、“思（使）”、“隹（惟）”，句末語氣詞“哉”和句尾語氣詞“吁”。三個(gè)句首語氣詞均用于陳述語氣表達(dá)中，“哉”用在祈使句中表感嘆語氣。 楚帛書基本上繼承了上古漢語詞法的特點(diǎn)。作為出土戰(zhàn)國文獻(xiàn)，楚帛書一直深居地下，未因傳抄、刻印等產(chǎn)生各種訛誤，是最為真實(shí)的先秦語料之一，可彌補(bǔ)傳世文獻(xiàn)作為語料研究的不足，對研究戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期的語言現(xiàn)象與語言問題，有極其重要的價(jià)值。雖然由于篇幅的限制，楚帛書所能反映出來的語法現(xiàn)象有限，但是不能因?yàn)樵诔瘯心承┱Z法現(xiàn)象未能得到反映，而輕易斷定該語法現(xiàn)象在戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期不存在。
[Abstract]:The Chu of the Warring States of Changsha, which was unearthed in 1942, was the earliest of the Warring States and the Warring States Period. The study of Chu's book has only a history of more than 70 years, and its research results are rich, but the research results are relatively scarce. From the perspective of morphology, we have an exhaustive study on the real words and the virtual words in the Chu-shu book, and try to describe its grammatical features and grammatical functions to fill the blank of the lexical research in the study of Chu's book. The real words in the Chu's book are divided into the noun, the verb, the adjective, the quantifier, the pronoun, etc. The first, the number of nouns is a large number, divided into the name of the person, the term of the object, the noun of the place, the position and the noun, There are five types of nouns, among which, the term is 30, the term of the finger is 115, the place is 12, the position is 7, the time is 8, A total of 172. The grammatical feature of a noun is a noun, a number, a pronoun, a verb, an adjective, and no adverb modification. An example of a noun. Its grammatical function is to act as the subject, object, and language of the sentence. In addition, the use of nouns is very small, all of which The second, the number of the verb is the second only to the noun, of 129, among which,60 of the transitive verb, the composition In that verb, there are also some kind of phenomenon in the verb, which can be modified by the adverb. The verb is mainly a predicate, as well as a subject, an object, an object, and a few. A verb can be used in conjunction with a predicate, a predicate verb, and an anti-sense verb. In the third and the adjectives, there are 26, which belong to the two categories of the adjective and the state adjective. The grammatical feature of the adjective is that it can be modified by the adverb. A description of an adjective, especially a table state. The grammatical function of an adjective is a center of a sentence, a subject, an object, a predicate, or a predicate. Fourth, several words include the base number and the ordinal number, among which, the ordinal number has the specific date, the long-and-child order, and other special year or table. a word of order. A number of words are generally straight The grammatical function of a noun can be used as a fixed language, a adverbial, and a fixed structure with a noun. The subject of the sentence. The number of pronoun is very small, and there are only 4 pronouns, namely, "l (gg)", "It's a", "Cloth (it)" and demonstrative pronoun of personal pronouns. The main grammatical function is to serve as the attributive, subject, and predicate of the sentence. The "Yes" of the demonstrative pronoun can also be used. When the adverb, the preposition, the word, The first and the adverbs have two main adverbs, seven adverbs,6 negative adverbs, one associated adverb and one range. The adverbs are four, and the accumulation adverb is one. The adverb has the grammatical features of the modified verb, the adjective, the number, the main-predicate phrase, the adverb in the adverb. The grammar function is adverbial in the sentence. Second, there are "from", "Yu", "(in)",

"in " 4 prepositions. Where the "from" introduces the place where the action occurs; the "Yu" introduces the place noun , an orientation noun, a pronoun, and a noun. Both of the above are made up of the contents of the introduction. After being placed in a predicate, the "(in)" can be introduced into a pronoun, a noun. A reference phrase, before the predicate. "Only (in)" A place where an action can be introduced. The preposition can be used as a adverbial and a complement with the object, and the individual prepositions may omit the object straight. In the third, there are "(in)", "then", "Women (e.g.)", "No. (provided by)", "(by)", and

Yes (and " and the like. From the expression relationship, it is divided into the purpose of the word, the cause of the word, the result of the word, and the parallel connection." A word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a word, a The fourth, the word-aid is the most independent of the most independent of the Chinese part of the word class, and the meaning is the least true of the false word, can't Use or act as a sentence component alone. There are three mnemonic words in the Chu's book, which are the prefix-based language-aid "also (with)", the structure-aid "It's a" and the "trunk>". "Yes" . The "have" can be placed before a noun to form an additional compound, or before a monosyllabic adjective; the "It's a" is usually between the attributive and the central, or between the subject and the predicate. The fifth and the fifth, respectively, are the "say", the "think (to make)", the "No. (provided by)", the end of the sentence, the "Oya" of the end of the sentence and the word of the end of the sentence. > "Xu" . The three sentences are used to state the expression of the tone, and the "Oya" To exclamation in the form of the imperative sentence. As a document of the Warring States Period, Chu's book has been deeply rooted in the ground. It is one of the most authentic pre-Qin materials, which can make up for the shortage of the literature as a corpus. The Language Phenomenon in the Warring States Period It is of great value to deal with the problem of language. Although it is limited by the length of the book, the grammatical phenomenon that can be reflected by the Chu-shu is limited, but it cannot be easily broken because some grammatical phenomena in the Chu's book are not reflected.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：H141

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