【摘要】：本文選取漢語(yǔ)中含讓轉(zhuǎn)義的“X是X”作為研究對(duì)象。這種結(jié)構(gòu)主語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)同形,字面上不傳達(dá)任何信息,卻有著豐富的語(yǔ)用含義。其實(shí),這種特殊的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象很早就引起了語(yǔ)言學(xué)家們的廣泛關(guān)注。他們將其納入同語(yǔ)反復(fù)現(xiàn)象之中,并從邏輯、修辭、句法、語(yǔ)義等多個(gè)角度進(jìn)行研究。在他們看來(lái),同語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象包括三種：像“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)就是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”的強(qiáng)調(diào)類, “東方是東方,西方是西方”之類的對(duì)比類以及“漂亮是漂亮”之類的讓轉(zhuǎn)類。但本文認(rèn)為第三種并非同語(yǔ)反復(fù),而是一種獨(dú)立的構(gòu)式。同時(shí),在查閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的過(guò)程中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)大多研究雖將讓轉(zhuǎn)義“X是X”涵蓋在內(nèi),但在具體分析中甚少涉及。因此,有必要對(duì)其進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的研究。具體來(lái)說(shuō),以下三個(gè)問(wèn)題尚未得到解決：讓轉(zhuǎn)構(gòu)式“X是x”有哪些詞類限制?此構(gòu)式具有怎樣的語(yǔ)用功能?它是如何產(chǎn)生以及被理解的?(具體來(lái)說(shuō),言者為何采用此結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)?聽(tīng)者為何能預(yù)測(cè)出下文含有轉(zhuǎn)折含義?)首先,基于北大語(yǔ)料庫(kù),本文對(duì)進(jìn)入構(gòu)式的詞類進(jìn)行了分析和歸類。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),名詞(短語(yǔ))、動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))及形容詞均可進(jìn)入。在詞匯的選擇方面,前后X表現(xiàn)出不對(duì)稱性：當(dāng)前X為指稱性名詞時(shí),后X則為形容詞或者量詞修飾的名詞短語(yǔ)；當(dāng)前x為描述性名詞時(shí),后x變?yōu)橥巍．?dāng)X為動(dòng)詞或者形容詞時(shí),常用于口語(yǔ)中的單音節(jié)詞語(yǔ)在此構(gòu)式中更為常見(jiàn),同時(shí),后x會(huì)在動(dòng)詞或形容詞后跟有表示狀態(tài)的附著成分。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)性質(zhì)形容詞可以進(jìn)入構(gòu)式,而狀態(tài)形容詞卻不可以。其次,本文對(duì)前后x之間的關(guān)系以及整個(gè)構(gòu)式的語(yǔ)用功能進(jìn)行了研究。兩個(gè)X之間是話題一評(píng)述關(guān)系,這也能很好地解釋了為什么前后X會(huì)在詞匯選擇方面存在差異。另外,此構(gòu)式具有以下三種語(yǔ)用效果：讓步性同意或確認(rèn)、交互主觀性、否定預(yù)測(cè)性。最后,通過(guò)融合楊平的關(guān)聯(lián)-順應(yīng)理論和格萊斯的數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則,本人嘗試性地提出了一種新的理論框架來(lái)對(duì)此構(gòu)式的產(chǎn)生與理解過(guò)程進(jìn)行解釋。在產(chǎn)生過(guò)程中,言者首先構(gòu)建與外界以及聽(tīng)者相關(guān)的認(rèn)知語(yǔ)境。接著,將潛在的多種語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)語(yǔ)境成分進(jìn)行順應(yīng)。其中,語(yǔ)境成分包括物質(zhì)世界、社交世界以及心理世界。順應(yīng)結(jié)果是言者決定選擇委婉的表達(dá)方式。為了自然地引出下文轉(zhuǎn)折部分,言者決定先重復(fù)對(duì)方的話題或者觀點(diǎn)以對(duì)其作出肯定評(píng)價(jià)。于是,“X是X”便產(chǎn)生了。在理解過(guò)程中,聽(tīng)者首先意識(shí)到言者的話語(yǔ)刺激有言外之意(因?yàn)樗举|(zhì)上違背了數(shù)量原則)。同樣,聽(tīng)者繼而也會(huì)構(gòu)建相關(guān)語(yǔ)境,形成一系列關(guān)聯(lián)假設(shè),之后將潛在的多種理解方式對(duì)語(yǔ)境成分進(jìn)行順應(yīng)。然后就會(huì)意識(shí)到言者只是在讓步性地或假裝性地表示同意,接下來(lái)會(huì)有轉(zhuǎn)折性的觀點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)。
[Abstract]:This paper chooses X is X as the object of study. This kind of structural subject and complement have the same form, literally convey no information, but have rich pragmatic meaning. In fact, this kind of special language phenomenon has aroused the widespread concern of linguists for a long time. They put it into the phenomenon of homonym and studied it from logic, rhetoric, syntax, semantics and so on. In their opinion, synonyms include three types: the emphasis on war, the contrast between east and west, and the transition from beauty to beauty. However, the third type is not a repetition, but an independent construction. At the same time, in the process of consulting the relevant literature, the author found that most of the research will cover the escape "X is X", but in the specific analysis very little. Therefore, it is necessary to further study it. Specifically, the following three questions have not been resolved: what are the restrictions on making the transpose "X is x"? What is the pragmatic function of this construction? How did it come into being and be understood? (specifically, why do speakers use this structure to express their views? How can the listener predict that there is a turning point in the following?) First of all, based on the Peking University corpus, this paper analyzes and classifies the parts of speech entering the construction. It was found that nouns (phrases), verbs (phrases) and adjectives can be entered. In terms of lexical choice, X shows asymmetry: when X is a referential noun, post-X is a noun phrase modified by adjectives or quantifiers, and when x is a descriptive noun, the latter x becomes homomorphic. When X is a verb or adjective, monosyllabic words, which are often used in spoken English, are more common in this construction. It is also found that the nature adjective can enter the construction, but the state adjective can not. Secondly, this paper studies the relationship between X and the pragmatic function of the whole construction. The relationship between X and X is a topic-one comment, which can explain why there are differences in lexical choice between X and X. In addition, the construction has the following three pragmatic effects: concessional consent or confirmation, mutual subjectivity and negative predictability. Finally, by combining Yang Ping's relevance and adaptation theory with Grice's quantitative criterion, I try to put forward a new theoretical framework to explain the process of the formation and understanding of the construction. In the process of production, the speaker first constructs the cognitive context related to the outside world and the listener. Then, the potential multilingual structures are adapted to contextual elements. Among them, the contextual elements include the material world, the social world and the psychological world. The result of adaptation is the choice of euphemism. In order to naturally lead to the following twist, the speaker decides to repeat the subject or point of view to make a positive assessment. Thus, "X is X" came into being. In the process of understanding, the listener first realizes that the utterance of the speaker has an implicit meaning (because it is essentially contrary to the principle of quantity). In the same way, the listener then constructs the relevant context and forms a series of relevance hypotheses, and then adapts the contextual elements in a variety of underlying ways of understanding. Then you realize that the speaker is only conceding or pretending to agree, and then there is a transformational point of view.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：H136

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