發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-20 19:17

【摘要】：代詞是漢語語法系統(tǒng)中的一個(gè)備受爭議的詞類,代詞能否獨(dú)立成類,屬于實(shí)詞還是虛詞都沒有定論。目前比較通行的看法是把代詞分為三類：人稱代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞,而在國際文獻(xiàn)中,代詞的所指主要指人稱代詞,其中并不包括指示代詞和疑問代詞。對于漢語來說,人稱代詞也是學(xué)者們普遍承認(rèn)的一類代詞。因此,本文選取人稱代詞作為研究對象,希望通過對人稱代詞的考察,從而對代詞有一個(gè)全面而深入的認(rèn)識。我們在研究的過程中同英語人稱代詞進(jìn)行了對比,因?yàn)橹挥型ㄟ^對比,才能對漢語現(xiàn)象做更精細(xì)的觀察,在此基礎(chǔ)上才能達(dá)到描寫的充分性和解釋的充分性。通過比較,人稱代詞的使用在漢英兩種語言中的異同如下所示：1.漢語中的人稱代詞具有名詞性,具有[+有定]特征的人稱代詞都可以受修飾,而且書面語的語體特點(diǎn)決定了人稱代詞受修飾現(xiàn)象多存在于書面語中；而英語中的人稱代詞具有功能性,般不能受修飾,只在極其有限的情況下做名詞使用時(shí),人稱代詞才能帶上修飾語。2.漢語是沒有DP的語言,光桿名詞可以做主目語,定語位置上的人稱代詞是語用的需要,可以不使用；而英語是有DP的語言,光桿名詞不能直接做主目語,名詞前的領(lǐng)屬人稱代詞是構(gòu)成限定詞短語(DP)的必要成分,不能省略。3.漢語中幾乎所有的人稱代詞都可以與名詞性成分構(gòu)成同位結(jié)構(gòu),而且位置不固定,可前可后,人稱代詞與名詞性成分之間是加合關(guān)系；而英語中的第一、第二人稱代詞可以與名詞性成分組合構(gòu)成限定詞短語,人稱代詞充當(dāng)限定詞必須居前。4.漢語中有三類話題結(jié)構(gòu)：漢語式話題結(jié)構(gòu)、狀語話題結(jié)構(gòu)、標(biāo)志語話題結(jié)構(gòu)。漢語式話題結(jié)構(gòu)中不存在人稱代詞的隱現(xiàn)問題；狀語話題結(jié)構(gòu)中,述題部分的人稱代詞在句法規(guī)則允許的情況下可以自由隱現(xiàn),否則述題中的人稱代詞必須出現(xiàn)；標(biāo)志語話題結(jié)構(gòu)中,述題部分不能出現(xiàn)復(fù)指的人稱代詞。而英語中只有狀語話題結(jié)構(gòu),述題中的人稱代詞必須出現(xiàn)。相同的是,漢英狀語話題結(jié)構(gòu)述題部分中的人稱代詞都體現(xiàn)出篇章回指功能。5.動詞短語的結(jié)構(gòu)中帶有VP殼,漢語中沒有雙及物動詞,動詞短語的結(jié)構(gòu)中存在空位,動詞和數(shù)量成分之間可以插入虛指的人稱代詞“他/它”,做數(shù)量成分的焦點(diǎn)標(biāo)記；而英語中的人稱代詞沒有這種用法。6.漢語主語位置上可以使用虛指的人稱代詞“他/它”,英語中也存在由虛指的人稱代詞it充當(dāng)?shù)奶撝髡Z。不同的是,漢語中主語位置上的虛指代詞“他/它”是語用的需要,可以省略,而英語中主語位置上虛指代詞“it”是必選型格位指派者的必然要求,不能省略。上述與人稱代詞相關(guān)的各種現(xiàn)象都指向一個(gè)理論：代詞是有音無義的語言單位,是與實(shí)詞、虛詞并立的詞類。漢語人稱代詞是與名詞對應(yīng)的代詞,具有名詞性,而英語人稱代詞是與虛詞(即功能語類)對應(yīng)的代詞,具有功能性。漢英人稱代詞都需要通過先行語獲得所指,造成二者都具有篇章回指功能,所以在漢英狀語話題結(jié)構(gòu)中,述題部分中可以使用人稱代詞回指話題。代詞與空語類在詞類特征上的差異導(dǎo)致二者的句法表現(xiàn)形成鮮明的對照,空語類由于沒有語音形式,所以無法在語音層面實(shí)現(xiàn),在句法中只能表現(xiàn)為空位；而代詞作為有音無義的成分,可以在某個(gè)句法位置上起占位作用。如果人稱代詞在語境中找不到先行語,那么人稱代詞就可以在某個(gè)句法位置上起占位作用,因此漢語人稱代詞“他/它”和英語人稱代詞it在主語等句法位置上可以是虛指的。
[Abstract]:Pronouns are a controversial part of speech in the Chinese grammar system. Whether pronouns can be categorized independently, whether they belong to real words or function words is still uncertain. Personal pronouns are generally recognized as pronouns in Chinese. Therefore, this paper chooses personal pronouns as the research object, hoping to have a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of pronouns through the study of personal pronouns. By comparison, the similarities and differences in the use of personal pronouns in Chinese and English are as follows: 1. Personal pronouns in Chinese are nominal, and both have the characteristics of [+definite] Personal pronouns can be modified, and the stylistic features of written language determine that the phenomenon of personal pronouns being modified mostly exists in written language; and English personal pronouns are functional, generally can not be modified, only in extremely limited circumstances when used as nouns, personal pronouns can take modifiers. 2. Chinese is a language without DP, bare nouns can be. As subject, personal pronouns in attributive positions are necessary for pragmatics and can not be used; while English is a language with DP, bare nouns can not be used as subject directly, and possessive personal pronouns before nouns are necessary components of determinant phrases (DP) and can not be omitted. 3. Almost all personal pronouns in Chinese can be used with nominal components. There are three types of topic structures in Chinese: Chinese-style topic structure, and Chinese-style topic structure. There is no hidden problem of personal pronouns in the Chinese-style topic structure; in the adverbial topic structure, personal pronouns in the topic part can be freely hidden if the syntactic rules permit, otherwise personal pronouns in the topic must appear; in the marker topic structure, the topic part can not appear. Similarly, the personal pronouns in both Chinese and English adverbial topic structures embody textual anaphoric functions. 5. The structure of verb phrases has a VP shell, there are no ditransitive verbs in Chinese, and there are vacancies in the structure of verb phrases. In English, the personal pronoun "he/it" can be inserted between the verb and the quantitative pronoun as the focus marker of the quantitative pronoun, while the personal pronoun in English has no such usage. The above phenomena related to personal pronouns all point to a theory that pronouns are linguistic units of sound and meaninglessness, and that pronouns are linguistic units of sound and meaninglessness. Personal pronouns in Chinese are the pronouns corresponding to nouns, and personal pronouns in English are the pronouns corresponding to functions. Both Chinese and English personal pronouns need to get their referents through antecedents, so they both have textual anaphora functions. Therefore, in Chinese and English adverbial topic complexes, personal pronouns are functional pronouns. Personal pronouns can be used to anaphorize the topic in the thesis. The differences between pronouns and empty categories lead to a sharp contrast in their syntactic expression. If the personal pronoun can not find the antecedent in the context, then the personal pronoun can play a role in a certain syntactic position, so the Chinese personal pronoun "he/it" and the English personal pronoun it can be virtual in such syntactic positions as the subject.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：H146

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本文編號：2194718