【摘要】：思維制約語言，同時(shí)語言反應(yīng)思維，是思維的載體，這就使語言成為研究人類概念系統(tǒng)的重要窗口。本文通過探討英漢時(shí)制的異同進(jìn)一步厘清語言與概念系統(tǒng)的關(guān)系。當(dāng)代認(rèn)知隱喻理論認(rèn)為隱喻是人類重要的認(rèn)知工具，普遍存在于人類語言及思維推理中。人們通過認(rèn)知推理把一個(gè)概念域映射至另一個(gè)概念域，從而產(chǎn)生隱喻意義。因此，概念隱喻的實(shí)質(zhì)為跨概念域間的系統(tǒng)映射。 由于時(shí)間是抽象的，認(rèn)知語言學(xué)家認(rèn)為，我們對(duì)時(shí)間的理解很少是純粹時(shí)間性的，而更多的是依賴對(duì)空間中運(yùn)動(dòng)的理解。萊可夫通過對(duì)英語中大量時(shí)間表達(dá)的研究，總結(jié)出了TIME PASSING IS MOTION這個(gè)適用于時(shí)間表征的最為普遍的概念隱喻，在這一總的概念隱喻之下存在兩個(gè)時(shí)間概念隱喻的亞類。一為Time-Moving隱喻，在該隱喻中，觀察者是靜止不動(dòng)的，時(shí)間則以物體的形式存在并朝觀者的方向移動(dòng)；二為Observer-Moving隱喻，在該隱喻中時(shí)間為靜止不動(dòng)的固定時(shí)點(diǎn)，是觀察者在移動(dòng)。然而隨著人們對(duì)時(shí)間認(rèn)知方面的研究進(jìn)一步深入，尤其是將該理論應(yīng)用于漢語后，一些學(xué)者對(duì)該理論做了進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充和修正。他們不僅討論了時(shí)間的流動(dòng)性特征，還強(qiáng)調(diào)了時(shí)間的序列性特征�！皶r(shí)間流逝是運(yùn)動(dòng)”這一總的概念隱喻所包含的兩個(gè)亞類均強(qiáng)調(diào)觀者的作用，觀者面向?qū)�，背�?duì)過去，所以作者認(rèn)為可以將其稱之為自我參照型時(shí)間隱喻；而以時(shí)間序列性特征為基礎(chǔ)的純時(shí)間序列型隱喻不必考慮觀者的位置，而是直接考察事件在時(shí)間軸上的先后次序，在先事件在時(shí)間上早于在后事件并位于在后事件之前。 不同民族隱喻認(rèn)知有共性也有差異性，但都可以在語言表達(dá)上體現(xiàn)出來。本文在前人基礎(chǔ)上總結(jié)出了適用于英漢語的時(shí)間隱喻認(rèn)知模型并指出了它們對(duì)英漢兩種語言各自不同的適用性，自我參照型時(shí)間隱喻更適用于英語，而純時(shí)間序列型時(shí)間隱喻更適用于漢語。為了證明此結(jié)論，作者還對(duì)空間域中最典型的概念“前后”的語言例示，即英語中的“before”與“after”和漢語中的“前”與“后”做了定量分析。然而本文的目的不僅在于總結(jié)出英漢時(shí)間隱喻的差異，概念隱喻是一種以經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的思維方式，思維到語言的過渡階段包括語言系統(tǒng)、語言表達(dá)。通過眾多語言例示或語言現(xiàn)象總結(jié)出時(shí)間隱喻后，我們的任務(wù)就落到了時(shí)制系統(tǒng)和時(shí)制表達(dá)了。本文以時(shí)間概念隱喻理論為框架，探討英漢語時(shí)制的異同，指出英語民族與漢民族時(shí)間概念的認(rèn)知來源雖然相同，即都是通過空間隱喻形成，但采取的認(rèn)知方式卻是有差異的，這種差異也就導(dǎo)致了英漢時(shí)制系統(tǒng)的差異。英語的時(shí)制系統(tǒng)以自我參照型下的絕對(duì)時(shí)制為主，，過去、現(xiàn)在、將來區(qū)分非常清晰，相對(duì)時(shí)制為輔。漢語的時(shí)制系統(tǒng)以時(shí)間序列隱喻下的相對(duì)時(shí)制為主，強(qiáng)調(diào)話語的前時(shí)、同時(shí)、后時(shí)或者事件的先事、當(dāng)事、后事，絕對(duì)時(shí)制（已然未然）為輔。 兩種語言在時(shí)制表達(dá)上也表現(xiàn)很大差異。一是英語時(shí)制主要通過謂語動(dòng)詞詞形表示，漢語時(shí)制主要通過語法助詞和時(shí)間詞語來表示；二是英語的時(shí)制明確，存在于每一個(gè)單句中，漢語的時(shí)制往往通過語境確定；三是英語的時(shí)制表達(dá)以語法手段為主，詞匯手段為輔，漢語的時(shí)制表達(dá)則以詞匯手段為主，語法手段為輔；四是英語的時(shí)間參照點(diǎn)比較固定，總與時(shí)軸上的“現(xiàn)在”相聯(lián)系，漢語的時(shí)間參照點(diǎn)可以移至“過去”或“將來”。
[Abstract]:Thinking restricts language, while language reaction thinking is the carrier of thinking, which makes language an important window for the study of human concept system. This paper further clarifies the relationship between language and concept system by exploring the similarities and differences between English and Chinese. The contemporary cognitive metaphor theory holds that metaphor is an important cognitive tool for human beings and is common in human beings. In language and thinking reasoning, people map a conceptual domain to another domain through cognitive reasoning, thus producing metaphorical meanings. Therefore, the essence of conceptual metaphor is a system mapping across the conceptual domain.
Because time is abstract, cognitive linguists believe that our understanding of time is rarely purely temporal and more dependent on the understanding of motion in space. Lakoff, through the study of a large number of time expressions in English, summarizes the most common conceptual metaphor of TIME PASSING IS MOTION, which is suitable for time representation. Under this general conceptual metaphor there are subclasses of two temporal conceptual metaphors. One is Time-Moving metaphor, in which the observer is stationary, the time exists in the form of objects and moves towards the viewer's direction; second, the Observer-Moving metaphor, in which the time is stationary and fixed, is the observer in the metaphor. However, with the further study of time cognition, especially after the application of the theory to Chinese, some scholars have further supplemented and amended the theory. They not only discussed the characteristics of the time fluidity, but also emphasized the sequence characteristics of time. The two subclasses of metonymy emphasize the role of the viewer, the viewer faces the future and the back to the past, so the author thinks it can be referred to as a self reference time metaphor, while the temporal sequence based metaphor does not have to consider the position of the viewer and the sequence of events directly on the time axis. The preceding event is earlier than the latter event and is located before the post event.
Different ethnic metaphors have similarities and differences, but they can all be embodied in language expression. On the basis of predecessors, this paper sums up the cognitive model of time metaphor for English and Chinese and points out their different applicability to the two languages of English and Chinese, and the self reference time metaphor is more suitable for English, and the pure time order is more suitable for English and Chinese. In order to prove this conclusion, the author also makes a quantitative analysis of the most typical concept of "front and back" in the space domain, that is, "before" and "after" in English and "before" and "after" in Chinese. However, the purpose of this article is not only to sum up the differences between English and Chinese time metaphors. Metaphor is a way of thinking based on experience. The transition stage of thinking to language includes language system, language expression. After the summing up of time metaphors through many language examples or linguistic phenomena, our tasks fall into time system and time system. This paper is based on the conceptual metaphor theory of time between English and Chinese. According to the similarities and differences of the system, it is pointed out that the cognitive sources of the time concept of the English nation and the Han nationality are the same, that is, the spatial metaphor is formed, but the cognitive ways are different. This difference also leads to the difference between English and Chinese system. The system of English time system is dominated by the absolute time system under the self reference type, and the past, present, and future The distinction is very clear and the relative time system is supplemented. The system of Chinese time system is based on the relative time series of time series, emphasizing the front time of the discourse, at the same time, at the same time, the first thing in the post or the event, the following, the later, the absolute time system (which is already not).
There are also great differences in the expression of the two languages in the time system. One is that the English time system is mainly expressed through the verb form of the predicate. The Chinese time system is mainly expressed by the grammatical auxiliary words and the time words; the two is that the time system of English is clear and exists in every single sentence. The Chinese time system is often determined through the context; and the three is the time system of English. Grammatical means are the main means and lexical means are supplemented. The expression of Chinese time system is mainly based on lexical means and grammatical means is supplemented; the four is that the time reference points of English are relatively fixed, always connected with the "present" on the time axis, and the time reference points in Chinese can be moved to "past" or "will".
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西安外國語大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：H15;H315

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