本文選題：陽平 + 上聲�。� 參考：《北京大學》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：陽平與上聲是漢語作為第二語言語音習得與教學的難點，也是語音習得研究領(lǐng)域的焦點之一。本文通過感知實驗、發(fā)音實驗和感知訓練實驗考察了美國學習者和泰國學習者漢語普通話陽平與上聲的習得過程，共有四個部分：（1）母語者與美國、泰國學習者陽平與上聲的感知研究，包括降升調(diào)和自然調(diào)的感知研究；（2）美國與泰國學習者陽平與上聲的感知訓練研究；（3）母語者與美國、泰國學習者陽平與上聲的產(chǎn)出研究；（4）陽平與上聲感知與產(chǎn)出的關(guān)系。 實驗主要結(jié)果如下：（1）在母語者感知模式中，拐點位置和終點音高兩個聲學線索對陽、上辨認都有顯著作用，而且兩者相互制約；拐點位置具有更為強大的制約作用，是陽、上感知的關(guān)鍵性聲學線索，終點音高是非關(guān)鍵性線索，對陽、上辨認具有補償性作用；美國和泰國學習者的陽、上感知模式中，終點音高的作用較大，拐點位置的作用較��；較之美國學習者，泰國學習者在兩個線索的作用機制上都存在一定的優(yōu)勢；（2）訓練實驗的結(jié)果顯示，短期訓練在一定程度上提高了學習者陽、上兩個聲學線索的作用，但是因為訓練的時間有限，，所以陽、上兩個線索的作用機制學習者最終未能獲得；合成調(diào)的訓練有助于自然調(diào)訓練的提高；六次訓練的顯著提高集中在訓練的后半段，這說明充分的輸入是語音習得的關(guān)鍵；聽感訓練中的視覺刺激（反饋）可以幫助學習者提高對陽、上聲學及音位特征的獲得；（3）母語者產(chǎn)出實驗的結(jié)果顯示，單字陽平和上聲的音高曲線走勢存在顯著差異；雙字調(diào)的聲學分析說明在語流中前字和后字陽、上受協(xié)同發(fā)音作用的影響，起點和終點都發(fā)生了高低變化，但是陽、上的拐點位置都未發(fā)生前后維度上太大的變化，這表明從聲學角度看，拐點位置也是區(qū)分陽、上最為重要的聲學特征；學習者產(chǎn)出實驗的結(jié)果顯示，單字陽平與上聲的音高曲線走勢有一定程度的相似性，與母語者的差異主要表現(xiàn)在拐點位置前后的不同上；雙字陽、上的聲學結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，在語流中受協(xié)同發(fā)音作用的影響，學習者陽、上的起點和終點也有高低變化，但是高低順序與母語者仍然存在差異，這表明學習者尚未掌握語流中“相對音高”的聲調(diào)模式；泰國學習者陽、上的產(chǎn)出也表現(xiàn)出一定的優(yōu)勢；（4）本實驗陽、上的感知與產(chǎn)出存在較好的對應關(guān)系，但也有其復雜性。 本文的實驗結(jié)果支持感知同化模型（PAM）理論，同時還驗證和補充了線索權(quán)衡假說（CWM），以及豐富了陽、上感知和產(chǎn)出的研究成果，并根據(jù)實驗的結(jié)果為陽、上教學與習得提供了更有針對性的建議。
[Abstract]:Yangping and Shangsheng are not only the difficulties in the acquisition and teaching of Chinese as a second language, but also one of the focal points in the field of phonetic acquisition. This paper investigates the acquisition of Yangping and Shangsheng by American learners and Thai learners through perceptual experiments, pronunciation experiments and perceptual training experiments. There are four parts: (1) Native speakers and Americans; Thai learners' perception of Yangping and Shangsheng, including the perception of descending and natural tones; (2) the cognitive training of American and Thai learners of Yangping and Shangsheng; (3) native speakers and the United States, Thai learners of Yangping and Shangsheng; (4) the relationship between Yangping and Shangsheng perception and output. The main results are as follows: (1) in the native speakers' perception model, two acoustic cues, inflection point position and final pitch, play a significant role in the recognition of yang, and both of them are mutually restricted. The key acoustic clue of upper perception is that the final pitch is a non-critical clue and compensatory to the yang and the upper recognition, in the upper perception mode of American and Thai learners, the effect of the final pitch is greater than that of the inflexion position. Compared with American learners, Thai learners have some advantages in the mechanism of action of the two cues. (2) the results of the training experiments show that short-term training improves the role of the two acoustical cues to some extent. However, because of the limited training time, the learners of the action mechanism of the above two clues were unable to obtain it; the training of the synthetic tone contributed to the improvement of the natural tone training; and the significant improvement of the six training sessions was concentrated in the second half of the training. This shows that adequate input is the key to phonological acquisition, and that visual stimulation (feedback) in auditory training can help learners improve their acquisition of positive, upper acoustic and phonological characteristics. (3) the results of native speakers' output experiments show that: 1. There are significant differences in pitch curve between single word Yangping and upper voice. The acoustic analysis of double tone shows that in the flow of words, the front and back characters are affected by the synergistic pronunciation, the starting point and the end point are all changed, but Yang, The inflexion position is not changed too much before and after, which indicates that the inflection point position is also the most important acoustic feature in distinguishing yang from the acoustical point of view, and the result of the learner's output experiment shows that, The trend of pitch curve of single word Yangping and Shangsheng is similar to a certain degree, and the difference with native speakers is mainly reflected in the different position before and after the inflection point, the acoustical results of double word positive, on the other hand, have found that they are influenced by synergistic pronunciation in the flow of speech. However, there are still differences between the high and low order and the native speakers, which indicates that the learners have not grasped the "relative pitch" tone pattern in the language stream. The upper output also shows some advantages. (4) in this experiment, there is a good relationship between the perception and the output, but it also has its complexity. The experimental results support the theory of perceptual assimilation model (PAM), verify and supplement the cue-tradeoff hypothesis (CWM), and enrich the research results of yang, upper perception and output. Teaching and acquisition provide more targeted suggestions.
【學位授予單位】：北京大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：H19

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