本文選題：李時(shí)珍 + 本草綱目�。� 參考：《中南民族大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：中醫(yī)典籍是我國寶貴的文化遺產(chǎn)，同時(shí)也是我國燦爛輝煌的古代文化中不可或缺的重要組成部分。在浩瀚的醫(yī)藥典籍中論述藥品最豐富最全面的當(dāng)屬明代李時(shí)珍的《本草綱目》。《本草綱目》共五十二卷，分藥品為十六部，共收錄藥品1800多種（其中新增藥品374種），醫(yī)方10000多種，是李時(shí)珍窮盡畢生精力，在繼承和總結(jié)前人本草學(xué)成就的基礎(chǔ)上，歷時(shí)二十七年完成的一部具有世界性影響的醫(yī)藥學(xué)巨著。由于該書內(nèi)容豐富，所引資料廣泛，清代醫(yī)學(xué)家趙學(xué)敏曾評論它“博及群書，囊括百代”。為了完成這部巨作，李時(shí)珍不僅走遍了祖國的山山水水進(jìn)行實(shí)地調(diào)查，參閱了大量前人的醫(yī)書，而且廣泛參考了經(jīng)史百家、方志類書、稗官野史等書籍。該書不僅吸收了歷代前人本草著作的精華，還考正了歷代前人本草學(xué)中的一些錯(cuò)誤，補(bǔ)充了前人的不足。 李時(shí)珍在《本草綱目》中首開釋名項(xiàng)，《本草綱目》范例:“諸品首以釋名,正名也”。“釋名”，也就是解釋各種藥品名稱的來源�！罢本褪且嬲涿帧Ｋ凇侗静菥V目》一書中，列出能收集到的近2000多種藥品，每種藥品下通常都會(huì)排出正名、釋名、集解、辨疑、正誤、修制、氣味、主治、發(fā)明、附方等十個(gè)項(xiàng)�！侗静菥V目》中詳解的藥品共1633種。李時(shí)珍本著科學(xué)謹(jǐn)慎的治學(xué)態(tài)度，經(jīng)過收集整理，對其中的1033種藥品進(jìn)行了釋名。在這些藥品的釋名項(xiàng)中都分別列出了該藥品的其他異名，并極盡可能地詳實(shí)地對這些藥品各名稱的含義和得名緣由進(jìn)行他認(rèn)為正確的本源的解釋。《本草綱目》之釋名項(xiàng)不僅具有開創(chuàng)之功，而且為后人留下了大量寶貴的訓(xùn)詁研究材料，是研究訓(xùn)詁的重要著作之一。 李時(shí)珍在《本草綱目》釋名項(xiàng)中，引用大量書籍，《本草綱目序》引據(jù)古今醫(yī)家書目下說：“時(shí)珍今所引，除舊本外，凡二百七十六家”。在引據(jù)古今經(jīng)史百家書目下說：“時(shí)珍所引用者，除舊本外，凡四百四十家”，運(yùn)用多種比較科學(xué)的訓(xùn)詁方法，盡可能地對所收錄的藥品的命名來源做了解釋。但李時(shí)珍畢竟只是著名的醫(yī)藥學(xué)家而非著名的訓(xùn)詁學(xué)家，所以在這本書的釋名項(xiàng)中或多或少的存在著一些誤訓(xùn)的現(xiàn)象。本文從訓(xùn)詁的角度對《本草綱目》所有藥品的釋名項(xiàng)進(jìn)行了研究，針對這些誤釋項(xiàng)進(jìn)行逐一的分析，比較系統(tǒng)全面地清理出其中的誤訓(xùn)項(xiàng)84條，分別從五個(gè)類別對誤訓(xùn)項(xiàng)進(jìn)行了分析并對其重新進(jìn)行了訓(xùn)釋。第一類為聲訓(xùn)之誤。例如李時(shí)珍釋“臘雪”時(shí)說“雪，洗也。”他認(rèn)為雪和洗是同源詞。經(jīng)考，雖然雪和洗讀音相近，但意義并無關(guān)聯(lián)，根據(jù)王力先生同源詞的條件，我們排除了這兩個(gè)字之間的同源關(guān)系。第二類為形訓(xùn)之誤。例如“茜草”條中李時(shí)珍說“西草為茜�！彼倪@種說法是經(jīng)不住質(zhì)疑的，西方的這種草名茜草，那么除了西方，其它地方就不長茜草嗎？長在其它地方又該叫什么呢？經(jīng)考，茜草之“茜”是一個(gè)形聲字，“西”僅是一個(gè)表音符號。第三類為義訓(xùn)之誤。例如“云母”條中，李時(shí)珍給出的命名緣由為“此石乃云之根，故得云母之名。”這是以“母”之義來解釋“云母”之得名。事實(shí)上云母是一種通常呈假六方或菱形的板狀、片狀、柱狀晶形，因?yàn)樗墓鉂扇缭撇仕缘妹麨樵颇福颇赶裨贫窃�，李時(shí)珍謂之為“云之根”顯然是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹５谒念悶閺?qiáng)拆連綿詞。我們知道連綿詞都是復(fù)音詞，是漢語中固有的雙音詞，它表示的是一個(gè)單詞，對于用來表示的字皆應(yīng)視作僅表示音節(jié)，是不可以拆開來分別加以解釋的�！侗静菥V目》在“蜘蛛”條下引王安石的說法，認(rèn)為蜘蛛“設(shè)一面之網(wǎng)，觸而后誅之知乎誅義者故曰蜘蛛�！边@樣強(qiáng)拆連綿詞分釋之的做法是欠妥的。第五類為誤解外來詞。例如“葡萄”，它是一種水果的名稱，源自大宛bā daga（一說為budaw）的音譯，又寫做蒲桃等。李時(shí)珍卻根據(jù)字義來訓(xùn)釋，造成誤解是在所難免的。此外，本文還對《本草綱目》釋名中的16條名義未解項(xiàng)進(jìn)行釋名。 文章的最后對李時(shí)珍《本草綱目》釋名項(xiàng)誤訓(xùn)的原因進(jìn)行了分析歸納，并總結(jié)出三條結(jié)論。第一，李時(shí)珍作為一個(gè)偉大的醫(yī)藥學(xué)家，卻不是一個(gè)偉大的語言學(xué)家。他雖然較科學(xué)較精密地使用了許多訓(xùn)詁方法，對藥品的命名來源作了深入的分析，但畢竟訓(xùn)詁功底有限，因此在《本草綱目》的釋名項(xiàng)中還是不可避免地出現(xiàn)了許多誤訓(xùn)的地方。第二，李時(shí)珍在給全書藥品釋名時(shí)引用了大量書籍，，據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，僅釋名中，李時(shí)珍所引用的書達(dá)270余種，但是他對所引之書未加甄別而盲目相信引書。明代私自篡改古籍之風(fēng)盛行，在這樣的大環(huán)境下，李時(shí)珍不加辨別，以姑妄信之采之的態(tài)度引用他書，直接導(dǎo)致他在對藥品進(jìn)行釋名時(shí)的以訛傳訛。第三，名物考證，尤其是動(dòng)植物命名的考證歷來就是公認(rèn)的難題。《本草綱目》收藥近2000種，要對這么多藥品名稱的來源作出解釋，其工作量之大，任務(wù)之艱巨可想而知。即便是對一位非常出色的語言文學(xué)工作者來說都難免百密一疏，更何況李時(shí)珍只是一個(gè)醫(yī)藥學(xué)者，所以《本草綱目》釋名項(xiàng)存在一些誤訓(xùn)之處是再所難免的。 總體來說李時(shí)珍《本草綱目》中的絕大多數(shù)的釋名還是有理有據(jù)，讓人信服的。在探索藥品名源上他采用的訓(xùn)詁方法也是比較科學(xué)合理的。盡管本釋名項(xiàng)中的書一些釋名存在這樣那樣的錯(cuò)誤，而且書中有些內(nèi)容不免與現(xiàn)代的認(rèn)識不符，甚至有些地方可能具有迷信的色彩，但瑕不掩瑜，《本草綱目》在歷史上的貢獻(xiàn)是功不可沒的。
[Abstract]:The classics of traditional Chinese medicine are the precious cultural heritage of our country. At the same time, it is also an indispensable part of the splendid ancient culture of our country. In the vast medical classics, the most abundant and comprehensive medicine of Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica > < Compendium of Materia Medica >" in Ming Dynasty is the most comprehensive and comprehensive. The medicine is divided into sixteen parts, and a total of more than 1800 medicines are included. There were 374 kinds of new drugs and more than 10000 medical doctors. It was Li Shizhen's entire life and energy. On the basis of inheriting and summarizing the achievements of the predecessors, it took twenty-seven years to complete a great work of medicine with a worldwide influence. Because the book was rich in content and widely cited, the Qing Dynasty medical scientist Zhao Xuemin once commented it "Bo and a group book". In order to complete this great work, in order to complete this great work, Li Shizhen not only visited the mountains and rivers of the motherland to carry on the field investigation, read a large number of previous medical books, but also widely referred to the books of the history of hundreds, the books of the chronicles, the history of the weeds and other books. The book not only absorbed the essence of the previous works of the previous generations, but also took the examination of the previous generations of herbage. Some of the mistakes added to the shortcomings of the predecessors.
Li Shizhen made the first release of the name in Compendium of Materia Medica, < Compendium of Materia Medica > example: "the first name is to explain the name," "the name". "The name" is the source of the name of the various medicines. "The name" is to distinguish its name. In the "Compendium of Materia Medica >", he lists nearly 2000 kinds of drugs that can be collected. Under each kind of drugs, they are usually discharged. Ten items, including ten items, including 1633 kinds of drugs, Li Shizhen, were collected in accordance with scientific and prudent learning attitude, and the other differences of the drugs were listed in the names of these drugs. The definition of the name of these drugs and the origin of the name of these drugs is explained in detail. The interpretation of < Compendium of Materia Medica > is not only a pioneering work, but also a great number of valuable exegesis research materials for the future generations, which is one of the most important works for the study of exegesis.
In the name of "Compendium of Materia Medica >", Li Shizhen quoted a large number of books and "Compendium of Materia Medica preface" quotes from ancient and modern doctors in the bibliography of ancient and modern doctors and said: "the present time is cited, except the old, all two hundred and seventy-six". Under the quotations of ancient and modern history books, "the quotes of the time, except the old, all four hundred and forty", use a variety of comparative scientific exegesis. As far as possible, the source of the named medicine is explained as far as possible. But after all, Li Shizhen is a famous medical scientist, not a famous exega, so there are more or less misinterpretations in the definition of the book. This article studies the interpretation of all medicines "Compendium of Materia Medica >" from the perspective of exegesis. According to the analysis of these erroneous items one by one, 84 false training items were thoroughly cleaned out in the system, and five categories were analyzed and explained again. The first category was the error of sound training. For example, Li Shizhen said "snow and wash" when he explained "La Xue". However, the snow is similar to the pronunciation, but the meaning is not related. According to the conditions of Mr. Wang Li's homologous words, we have excluded the homologous relationship between the two words. The second category is the error of the form training. For example, Li Shizhen in the "alizara" article says "the Western grass is the alizari." In other places, does it not grow in other places? What should we call in other places? After examination, the "Xi" is a phonetic character. "West" is only a phonetic symbol. The third category is the error of moral training. For example, in the "mica" article, Li Shizhen gave the name because "this stone is the root of the cloud, so the name of mica." this is the meaning of "mother". To explain the name of "mica". In fact, mica is a usually false six party or diamond shaped, flaky, columnar crystal. Because its luster is like cloud, it is named mica, and mica is like a cloud rather than a cloud. It is clearly inappropriate for Li Shizhen to be "the root of the cloud". The fourth category is the dismantling word. We know that the continuous words are both polysyllabic words. Word is an inherent double word in Chinese, which means a word. For the words used to express the word, it should be regarded as only a syllable, which can not be explained separately. < Compendium of Materia Medica > in the "spider" article is quoted by Wang Anshi. The fifth kinds of misunderstood words are misunderstood. For example, the fifth types of misunderstood words. For example, "grape", it is a kind of fruit name, originating from the transliteration of B daga (budaw), and writing as a peach. The name is unexplained in the name.
At the end of the article, the reasons for Li Shizhen 's "Compendium of Materia Medica > name" error training were analyzed and summarized, and three conclusions were summed up. First, Li Shizhen was not a great linguist as a great medicine scientist. Analysis, but after all, the text of exegesis is limited, so there are a lot of misplaces in the definition of "Compendium of Materia Medica". Second, Li Shizhen quoted a large number of books when he gave the name of the book. According to statistics, only 270 of the books quoted by Li Shizhen, but he did not discriminate and believe blindly. In such a big environment, Li Shizhen does not discriminate in such a big environment, and cites his book with the attitude of aunting and letter, which directly leads him to erroneous. Third, the examination of the names of animals and plants, especially the names of animals and plants, has always been a recognized difficult problem. < Compendium of Materia Medica > receive nearly 200. 0, to explain the source of so many names of drugs, the amount of work is great and the task is difficult to know. Even to a very excellent language and literary worker, it is unavoidable that Li Shizhen is only a medical scholar, so there are some mistakes in "Compendium of Materia Medica".
In general, most of the interpretation of Li Shizhen < Compendium of Materia Medica > is justified and convincing. The exegesis method he adopted in the exploration of the source of medicine is also scientific and reasonable. Although some of the books in the book of interpretation have such errors, and some of the contents of the book are incompatible with modern knowledge. In some places, it may be superstitious, but it has no flaws, and Compendium of Materia Medica's contribution in history is indispensable.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中南民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：H131

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