發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-05 13:23

  本文選題：八股文程式 + 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)��； 參考：《華東師范大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：“程式”的說(shuō)法在古代是由來(lái)已久,其基本的意義為“法式”或者“特定的格式”。八股文從明初定形后,發(fā)展數(shù)百年,形成相對(duì)固定的程式,也成為歷代所批判的對(duì)象。本文所研究的八股文的“程式”基本意義為八股文篇章構(gòu)成的“法式”與“格式”,包括篇章整體和局部的謀篇布局之法,八股文的程式結(jié)構(gòu)核心是在于由上至下的統(tǒng)帥(確定主題的“篇”制約“章”、“章”制約“股”、“股”制約“句”、“句”制約“字”)及每個(gè)部分內(nèi)部的語(yǔ)義、邏輯緊密勾連,至于如何統(tǒng)帥和勾連則因題、因人而異,以變化無(wú)窮,引人入勝為佳。因此本文以為程式之法應(yīng)該由“審題命意”、“篇章句字”、“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”之法構(gòu)成。本文同樣也將兼顧考察在八股文文獻(xiàn)及評(píng)點(diǎn)中的“格”、“式”、“格式”、“程式”、“文法”(文法：“為文之法”,古代指文章局部遣詞造句和整體的謀篇布局)、“技法”等許多的概念混用的狀況,以盡可能合乎在八股文程式創(chuàng)作與批評(píng)的實(shí)際情況。 雖然對(duì)于八股文的淵源說(shuō)法不一,但是如果以八股文的“程式”結(jié)構(gòu)為考察的起點(diǎn),古文或者說(shuō)文章學(xué)中“論”體是遠(yuǎn)源,近源則是律賦。八股文的“程式”應(yīng)該被理解或者定位為古代發(fā)展至極致的一種篇章組織方式,是上千年文章學(xué)論述文結(jié)構(gòu)的集大成者,雖限制頗多,但在文章的組織中仍不乏可取之處,甚至可以認(rèn)為此種程式對(duì)初學(xué)讀或者寫(xiě)文章的人理清思路大有益處。在許多的八股文獻(xiàn)中對(duì)“程式”也多有描述,如歸有光《歸震川先生論文章體則》、武之望《舉業(yè)卮言》、劉熙載《藝概·經(jīng)義概》等,表現(xiàn)了明清時(shí)期的文人對(duì)相關(guān)理論的理解和重視。 而對(duì)八股文“程式”的分析將從三個(gè)方面著手：“審題命意”、“篇章句字”和“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”。一方面八股文強(qiáng)調(diào)行文間起承轉(zhuǎn)合之機(jī)軸,重視義理的連貫性,可以說(shuō)把古代文章學(xué)中“篇章之法”發(fā)揚(yáng)到極致,而從立意到成篇、再到字句的斟酌和連貫的分析是文章學(xué)分析篇章之要領(lǐng)；另一方面從最初的審題命意到寫(xiě)作時(shí)的篇章句字和結(jié)構(gòu)中的起承轉(zhuǎn)合關(guān)系也是八股文寫(xiě)作時(shí)構(gòu)思內(nèi)容及基本步驟所在。 此外,本文將把八股文的程式邏輯與西方的非形式論證邏輯進(jìn)行對(duì)比。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)這是一個(gè)嶄新的話題,希望可以以客觀且全新的眼光來(lái)了解蘊(yùn)含在八股文中的邏輯思想和理念,繼而對(duì)其所折射的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化和思維的特質(zhì)有更深的理解。 最后,本文以為八股文“程式”的應(yīng)用意義在于其美學(xué)及教學(xué)法意義。此種“程式”結(jié)構(gòu)的產(chǎn)生并非空穴來(lái)風(fēng),中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)形式大都是通過(guò)立“意”來(lái)統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全局,在文章學(xué)上則篇章形式里的立意,各個(gè)局部的安排都在“意”的統(tǒng)攝下有機(jī)而非割裂地加以措置,有意味的形式經(jīng)過(guò)多方面和長(zhǎng)時(shí)期積淀,成為一定模式,為各種門(mén)類(lèi)藝術(shù)所遵循,久而久之形成一種美學(xué)的范式和要求。而八股文“程式”對(duì)現(xiàn)代篇章結(jié)構(gòu)意義深遠(yuǎn),也有助于語(yǔ)文作文的的教學(xué)。因?yàn)椤懊蓪W(xué)”的作文教學(xué)看似為科舉服務(wù),但是實(shí)際卻是基于漢字基本特征而進(jìn)行的文字啟蒙的教育,從“字”、“句”、“對(duì)”到“章”、“篇”,把握漢字、音韻、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)而進(jìn)行的教育,而這也是研究八股文“程式”的現(xiàn)代意義所在。
[Abstract]:The term "program" has a long history in ancient times. Its basic meaning is "French" or "specific format". The eight shares of the text have been developed for hundreds of years from the early Ming Dynasty to form a relatively fixed program, and have become the object of criticism in the past dynasties. The basic meaning of the "program" of the eight shares of this article is the "eight text text". "French" and "format", including the whole and the local layout of the layout of the text, the core of the program structure of the eight essays lies in the commander-in-chief from the top to the bottom (the "chapter" that determines the theme is restricted "the chapter", "the chapter" restricts the "stock", "the share" restricts the "sentence", "the sentence" restricts the "word") and the internal semantics of each part, and the logic closely connects closely. In this paper, the method of programming should be made up of the method of "examining the meaning of the question", "the text of a text" and "taking up the combination". This article will also take into account the "lattice", "style", "format", "format" and "program" in the eight text documents and comments. "", "grammar" (Grammar: "the law of the text", the ancient point refers to the part of the article and the overall layout of the article), the "technique" and many other concepts mixed with the situation, as far as possible in accordance with the actual situation of eight styles of writing and criticism.
Although the origin of the eight essays is different, if the "program" structure of the eight strands is the starting point of the study, the "theory" in the ancient Chinese or the essays is far from the source, and the near source is the law Fu. The "program" of the eight strands should be understood or positioned as an ancient style of textual organization in the ancient development, which is the last thousand years of essays. Although there are many restrictions on the structure of the text, there are still some advantages in the organization of the article, and it may even be considered to be of great benefit to the people who have learned to read or write. In many of the eight documents, there are many descriptions of the "program", such as returning to the light of the article and the view of Wu. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the literati expressed their understanding and attention to the related theories.
On the other hand, the analysis of the "program" of the eight - share text will start from three aspects: "the meaning of the question", "the text of a text" and "the connection". On the one hand, the eight shares of the text emphasize the axis of the integration of the text, and attach importance to the coherence of the sense of justice, and it is possible to carry forward the "text method" in the ancient essays to the extreme, and from the intention to the text, and then to the word. The consideration and continuous analysis of sentences is the key to the analysis of text. On the other hand, from the original meaning of the question to the writing, the connection between the text and the structure of the writing is also the content and basic steps of the eight essay writing.
In addition, this article will compare the programming logic of the eight essays with the Western non formal argument logic. No doubt it is a new topic. It is hoped that the logic and ideas contained in the eight strands can be understood objectively and completely, and then the characteristics of the Chinese traditional culture and thinking reflected by them are deeper. Solution.
Finally, this paper thinks that the application meaning of "program" in the eight part of the "program" lies in its aesthetic and pedagogy significance. In the form of organic rather than fragmentary place, the form has become a certain pattern through many aspects and long periods of accumulation, which is followed by various types of art and forms an aesthetic paradigm and requirement for a long time. The eight - strand "program" has a profound meaning to the modern text structure and helps the teaching of Chinese composition. The teaching of composition seems to serve the imperial examination, but it is actually an education based on the basic characters of Chinese characters, from "word", "sentence", "to" to "chapter", "text", to grasp the characteristics of Chinese characters, phonology and textual structure, which is also the modern significance of the study of the "program" of the eight shares of the text.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：H15

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