本文選題：被動句　切入點(diǎn)：被動標(biāo)記　出處：《華中師范大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：本文通過考察現(xiàn)代漢語最重要的被動標(biāo)記“被”,古漢語的三種被動標(biāo)記,以及現(xiàn)代漢語方言中的被動標(biāo)記,認(rèn)為漢語被動句具有凸顯施事的類型學(xué)特征。人類語言依照施事凸顯度,可分為施事禁現(xiàn)型、施事允現(xiàn)型、施事凸現(xiàn)型和施事必現(xiàn)型四類,前兩者又可統(tǒng)稱為施事隱顯型,后兩者可稱為施事凸顯型。漢語是施事凸顯型語言的代表。施事凸顯型語言多以介詞為被動標(biāo)記,且多為話題型語言。漢語被動句凸顯施事的特點(diǎn)可能是受漢語顯赫的話題結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。被動句是“施事背景化”這一核心語用功能語法化的產(chǎn)物,該語用功能在人類語言中還有諸多其他語法編碼。除去緒論和結(jié)語,文章共分六部分。 第一部分,探討被動句的名和義,為其厘定范圍。將被動句定義為：有形式標(biāo)記的表被動義的結(jié)構(gòu)。意念被動句不納入考察范圍。作格語言中也存在被動句。 第二部分,歷時和共時結(jié)合,研究“被”的相關(guān)問題。“被”在現(xiàn)代漢語中主要存在介詞和助詞兩種用法,而介詞用法是其穩(wěn)定地充當(dāng)被動標(biāo)記的前提。 第三部分,首先考察古漢語的三種被動標(biāo)記�？疾祜@示,凡凸顯施事的標(biāo)記,其存活時間都很長,也都至少在一定時期內(nèi)有很高的使用頻率；凡不允許出現(xiàn)施事,或施事地位很低的標(biāo)記,最終都面臨消亡的命運(yùn)。隨后簡要探討現(xiàn)代漢語方言中的被動標(biāo)記。在很多方言中,被動標(biāo)記后的施事均無法省略,這是漢語被動句凸顯施事的有力證明。 第四部分,探討漢語被動句凸顯施事的原因,認(rèn)為這可能與顯赫的話題結(jié)構(gòu)的影響有關(guān)。 第五部分,依據(jù)施事凸顯度對人類語言進(jìn)行類型劃分,并略舉各類型的語言。進(jìn)而探討施事凸顯型語言的特征：以介詞作為被動標(biāo)記,注重話題。 第六部分,探討被動句的核心語用功能：施事背景化。該語用功能在句法層面表現(xiàn)為主語的降格。人類語言還有多種句法手段體現(xiàn)相同的語用功能,包括話題、焦點(diǎn)、主語刪除、主語代詞化等。這些手段與被動句互有糾葛,是同一語用驅(qū)動下不同的句法表現(xiàn)。 本文注重類型學(xué)考察,包括跨語言、跨方言和跨時代的廣泛考察,力爭在更廣的范圍內(nèi),探索人類語言被動句的類型差異和漢語被動句的特點(diǎn)。被動句施事凸顯度的差異,可以作為今后研究被動句的一個參項,尤其是類型學(xué)視野下的被動句研究。漢語被動句凸顯施事的特征可能受到話題結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,再次證明漢語話題結(jié)構(gòu)的顯赫性。對被動句核心語用功能的認(rèn)識,可以解釋為什么很多語言不存在被動句。
[Abstract]:This paper examines the most important passive markers "Bei", three kinds of passive markers in ancient Chinese, and the passive markers in modern Chinese dialects. It is considered that Chinese passive sentences have the typological characteristics of highlighting agents. According to the degree of agency salience, the human language can be divided into four types: the type of proscription, the type of permission, the type of protruding and the type of necessity. The former two types can also be called the implicit type of agent. The latter two types can be called agent protruding type. Chinese is the representative of the agent salient language. The preposition is the passive marker in the agent salient language. The characteristics of the Chinese passive sentence may be influenced by the prominent topic structure of Chinese language. The passive sentence is the result of the grammaticalization of the core pragmatic function of "contextualization of the agent". This pragmatic function has many other grammatical codes in human language. Apart from the introduction and conclusion, the article is divided into six parts. In the first part, we discuss the name and meaning of passive sentences and define the scope of them. We define passive sentences as the structures of expressing passive meanings with formal markers. Passive sentences with ideational meanings are not included in the scope of investigation. Passive sentences also exist in the language of case making. The second part, combining diachronic and synchronic, studies the related problems of "Bei". There are two kinds of usages of preposition and auxiliary word in modern Chinese, and the prepositional usage is the premise of using the preposition as passive marker stably. In the third part, three kinds of passive markers in ancient Chinese are examined first. The investigation shows that all the markers that highlight the agent live for a long time and have at least a high frequency of use for a certain period of time. Then the passive markers in modern Chinese dialects are briefly discussed. In many dialects, the agents after passive markers cannot be omitted. This is the Chinese passive sentence highlights the agent has the proof. In the fourth part, the author discusses the reason why the Chinese passive sentence highlights the agent, which may be related to the influence of the prominent topic structure. In the fifth part, the author classifies the human language according to the degree of agency salience, and discusses the characteristics of the protruding language: prepositions as passive markers and topics. In the sixth part, we discuss the core pragmatic functions of passive sentences: contextualization. This pragmatic function is shown as the demotion of the subject at the syntactic level. There are also many syntactic devices in human language that embody the same pragmatic functions, including topics, focal points, and so on. Subject deletion, subject pronoun and so on. These methods are intertwined with passive sentences and are different syntactic expressions driven by the same pragmatics. This paper focuses on typology, including the extensive investigation of cross-language, cross-dialect and cross-epoch, and tries to explore the differences in the types of passive sentences in human language and the characteristics of Chinese passive sentences in a wider range. It can be used as a reference for the study of passive sentences in the future, especially from the perspective of typology. The characteristics of Chinese passive sentence highlighting agents may be influenced by the topic structure. The recognition of the core pragmatic functions of passive sentences can explain why passive sentences do not exist in many languages.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：H14

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