發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-03-20 10:05

  本文選題：漢語焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)　切入點(diǎn)：句法結(jié)構(gòu)　出處：《中南大學(xué)》2013年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：本論文試圖在生成語法理論框架下探討現(xiàn)代漢語三種焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)的句法表現(xiàn)特征、句法結(jié)構(gòu)和句法生成。文章旨在通過對(duì)三種焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)問題的分析和探討挖掘漢語焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)的共同內(nèi)在句法特征,借此希望能用本論文的研究成果解釋復(fù)雜的漢語焦點(diǎn)現(xiàn)象,并對(duì)今后漢語焦點(diǎn)的生成語法研究盡點(diǎn)綿薄之力。 本論文中分析的三種漢語焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)為：“是”字結(jié)構(gòu)、“連…都/也”結(jié)構(gòu)和“只有…才”結(jié)構(gòu)。本文詳細(xì)考察和分析了這三種結(jié)構(gòu)的語言事實(shí),在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)這三種結(jié)構(gòu)的句法分布和句法限制進(jìn)行總結(jié)和概括,并對(duì)其表現(xiàn)出來的相關(guān)特征進(jìn)行了對(duì)比研究。結(jié)果表明,這三種焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)的句法表現(xiàn)存在很多共性。鑒于此,在Rizzi (1997) CP-分裂假設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)上,本文假設(shè)漢語焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)的句法結(jié)構(gòu)為：[TopP...[FocP...[IP...[VP...]]]],并認(rèn)為這三種焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)是在該句法結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上衍生而來。根據(jù)該結(jié)構(gòu),在“是”字結(jié)構(gòu)、“連…都/也”結(jié)構(gòu)和“只有…才”結(jié)構(gòu)中,焦點(diǎn)標(biāo)記“是”,句式“連…都/也”、和“只有…才”在句法生成過程中,受焦點(diǎn)化特征[+F]的驅(qū)使直接從詞庫中抽取,“是”、“都/也”和“才”占據(jù)焦點(diǎn)短語FocP的功能中心語位置。在“連…都/也”結(jié)構(gòu)和“只有…才”結(jié)構(gòu)中,焦點(diǎn)范疇化標(biāo)記“連”和“只有”分別與焦點(diǎn)化成分合并,然后一起占據(jù)焦點(diǎn)短語FocP的標(biāo)志語位置,形成標(biāo)志語-中心語結(jié)構(gòu)位置關(guān)系,在遵循Chomsky (1995)的核查一致假設(shè)(Checking Uniformity Hypothesis, CUH)的條件下相互核查各自的不可解釋性焦點(diǎn)化特征[+F],以滿足充分解釋原則(Principle of Full Interpretation, FI),最終使句法表征會(huì)聚(converge)。根據(jù)核查一致假設(shè),特征核查在滿足標(biāo)志語-中心語或者中心語-附加語結(jié)構(gòu)位置關(guān)系的條件下得以允準(zhǔn)。但在“是”字結(jié)構(gòu)中,“是”前置于焦點(diǎn)化成分,也就是說,焦點(diǎn)中心語“是”與焦點(diǎn)化成分的結(jié)構(gòu)位置關(guān)系既無法形成標(biāo)志語-中心語關(guān)系更無法形成中心語-附加語關(guān)系。那么,該結(jié)構(gòu)中的焦點(diǎn)化特征[+F]在計(jì)算系統(tǒng)中如何進(jìn)行核查?本文認(rèn)為“是”字結(jié)構(gòu)中的焦點(diǎn)化特征[+F]進(jìn)行“長(zhǎng)距離”特征核查。但“長(zhǎng)距離”限制在中心語“是”的成分統(tǒng)制(constituent-command)范圍之內(nèi)。文章在理論上和經(jīng)驗(yàn)上對(duì)該假設(shè)進(jìn)行了論證。理論上“長(zhǎng)距離”特征核查與Chomsky(1995)的最小連接性條件(Minimalist Link Condition)相符,并與其(Chomsky(2000,2001,2004))關(guān)于特征核查的精神一致。經(jīng)驗(yàn)上,Simpson (2000)關(guān)于伊拉克-阿拉伯語(Iraqi-Arabic) wh問句中[+wh]特征核查的事實(shí)為該假設(shè)提供了證據(jù)。 賓語焦點(diǎn)位移(object focus shift)是焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)的典型特征。在“連…都/也”結(jié)構(gòu)和“只有…才”結(jié)構(gòu)中,賓語焦點(diǎn)除表現(xiàn)出位移特征外,還表現(xiàn)出置換(scrambling)特征。位移后的焦點(diǎn)賓語既可前置于主語也可后置于主語,在“連…都/也”結(jié)構(gòu)中形成“主語+連-賓語+都/也”結(jié)構(gòu)或“連-賓語+主語+都/也”結(jié)構(gòu)。本文認(rèn)為這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)雖然有類似的語義內(nèi)容,其句法生成有細(xì)微差異。在“連-賓語+主語+都/也”結(jié)構(gòu)中,“連-賓語”完成了焦點(diǎn)化特征核查之后繼續(xù)進(jìn)行移位,最終占據(jù)主題短語TopP的標(biāo)志語位置。而在“主語+連-賓語+都/也”結(jié)構(gòu)中,“連-賓語”在完成焦點(diǎn)化特征核查之后不再移位,最終占據(jù)焦點(diǎn)短語FocP的標(biāo)志語位置。語言事實(shí)表明,“只有…才”結(jié)構(gòu)也表現(xiàn)出類似句法特征。因此,本文討論的三種焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)表現(xiàn)出來的句法特征共性和個(gè)性并存。普遍認(rèn)為置換現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)在形態(tài)特征和標(biāo)記豐富的語言(如德語)中,而漢語被認(rèn)為是一門形態(tài)特征和標(biāo)記貧瘠的語言。本文通過對(duì)“連…都/也”結(jié)構(gòu)和“只有…才”結(jié)構(gòu)的分析,認(rèn)為這兩種焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)中置換現(xiàn)象的存在歸因于焦點(diǎn)范疇化標(biāo)記“連”和“只有”的存在。漢語的焦點(diǎn)表示方式主要為添加焦點(diǎn)標(biāo)記,即用形態(tài)方式表示焦點(diǎn)。因此,本文的分析得出的結(jié)論為：漢語并非形態(tài)特征貧瘠,至少在焦點(diǎn)表示方式上,其形態(tài)表現(xiàn)方式頗為顯著。 此外,本文在對(duì)三種焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)的句法特征進(jìn)行分析的基礎(chǔ)上,提出了新的焦點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)則(Foc-criteria)。本文從理論和經(jīng)驗(yàn)上對(duì)其進(jìn)行了論證,并認(rèn)為其比ErnstWang (1995)和Shyu(2001)提出的焦點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)則在解釋漢語焦點(diǎn)現(xiàn)象上更充分。 本論文在生成語法理論框架下對(duì)漢語焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)分析和研究,為漢語焦點(diǎn)現(xiàn)象及焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)的研究提供了新的研究視角,同時(shí)擴(kuò)充了漢語焦點(diǎn)的研究?jī)?nèi)容。研究結(jié)果證明了生成語法理論的有效性和普遍性。
[Abstract]:This paper attempts to explore the syntactic features of modern Chinese three focus structure in the framework of generative grammar, syntactic structure and generation. This paper aims to analyze and discuss the problems related to the three focus structure mining common internal syntactic features of Chinese focus structure, hoping to explain the complex phenomena of Chinese focus with the research results the paper, and all contribute to the point of future research focus of Chinese grammar.
In this paper, the three Chinese focus structures are the "yes" structure, "even..." All / also "structure and" only... Only "structure. This paper investigated and analyzed the structure of these three kinds of linguistic facts, on the basis of the three kinds of syntactic distribution and syntactic constraints are summed up and summarized, and the related features shown are studied. The results showed that the three focus node has many syntactic structure common. In view of this, in the Rizzi (1997) based on the assumption of the CP- division, assuming that the syntactic structure of modern Chinese focus structure is: [TopP... [FocP... [IP... [VP... For, and that the three types of focus structure is based on the syntactic structure of the derived. According to the structure, in the" yes "the word structure," even... All / also "structure and" only... In the "only" structure, the focus mark "is", the sentence "even..." All / also, and "only..." Only in the syntactic generation process, driven by Focus Features of [+F] extracted directly from the lexicon, "yes", "/" and "only" occupy the focus phrase FocP function position. "Even in the center of language... All / also "structure and" only... Only "structure, focus category marked" even "and" only "respectively and focus components merge, and then together occupy the focus FocP the specifier position, form the sign language center position in language structure, followed by Chomsky (1995) verification (Checking Uniformity Hypothesis, consistent with the assumption of CUH) under the condition of the mutual verification of the respective non explanation focus characteristics of [+F], in order to meet fully the principles of interpretation (Principle of Full Interpretation, FI), the convergence of syntactic representation (converge). According to the verification of consistency hypothesis, feature checking in sign language or Language Center - meet Center - adjunct structure position under the condition of grant but in the" is "structure," is "in front of the focus of the composition, that is to say, the focus words" is "structure position and focus component relationship cannot form a sign - Language Center The relationship can not form the center word - adjuncts. So, the focus characteristics of [+F] in this structure how to check in a computing system? This paper argues that the "focus" features of [+F] word structure in the "long distance" feature checking. But the "c-command long distance limit" in the center of the words "yes" the (constituent-command) range. Based on the theory and experience of this hypothesis are discussed. The theory of "long distance" feature checking and Chomsky (1995) the minimum connectivity conditions (Minimalist Link Condition) match, and (Chomsky (200020012004)) on the characteristics of the same spirit. Verification experience, Simpson (2000) on Iraq - Arabic (Iraqi-Arabic) [+wh] wh questions in fact feature checking provides evidence for the hypothesis.
The object focus displacement (object focus shift) is a typical feature of the focus structure. All / also "structure and" only... In the structure of "object", object focus not only shows displacement characteristics, but also shows displacement (scrambling) characteristics. After displacement, the focus object can be placed in front of the subject or in the subject. Have / "structure in the formation of" subject + object + / - even are also "or" even subject + object + / - are also "structure. This two kinds of structure although have similar semantic content, the syntactic generation have subtle differences. In" object + subject + are also / "structure," even after the completion of the object of focus feature checking continue to shift, eventually occupy the subject phrase the specifier position of TopP. In the "subject + object + / - even are also" structure, "even the object after the completion of the focus feature checking no longer shift, eventually occupy the focus the phrase FocP signs. The language facts show that only"... It also showed a similar syntactic structure. Therefore, this paper discusses the three types of focus structure show the syntactic features of commonness and individuality coexist. Generally believe that the replacement phenomenon appears in the morphological characteristics and markers of rich language (such as German), while Chinese is considered to be a form of character and mark barren language. Based on the "... All / also "structure and" only... Analysis of "structure, that the two kinds of replacement in the focus structure is attributed to the presence of the focus category marked" even "and" only ". The focus of Chinese representation is mainly added focus marker with morphological representation of focus. Therefore, this paper analysis the conclusion is: the Chinese is not morphological characteristics of poor, at least in the focus representation, the form of expression is quite remarkable.
In addition, this article analyses the syntactic features of three types of focus structure, put forward the focus of the new criterion (Foc-criteria). Based on the theory and experience on the demonstration, and that the ratio of ErnstWang (1995) and Shyu (2001) focus criterion is proposed in the interpretation of Chinese focus on the phenomenon of more fully.
This paper carries on analysis and Research on Chinese focus structure in the generative grammar framework, provides a new perspective for the study of Chinese focus phenomenon and focus structure, at the same time to expand the research contents of Chinese focus. The results proved that the theory of generative grammar is effective and universal.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：H146

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本文編號(hào)：1638600