【摘要】：喬伊斯·卡羅爾·歐茨是美國(guó)當(dāng)代文壇極富盛譽(yù)的作家之一。約翰·厄普代克因此而綽稱她為美國(guó)最了不起的“女文人”。1970年在接受美國(guó)國(guó)家圖書獎(jiǎng)的演講中,歐茨強(qiáng)調(diào)了她的小說創(chuàng)作意圖：“如實(shí)再現(xiàn)二十世紀(jì)中葉美國(guó)人不可擺脫的情感——即因出于對(duì)愛情與金錢的執(zhí)著,出于現(xiàn)代社會(huì)人際間交往產(chǎn)生的困惑,以及我所見所聞人群中所體現(xiàn)的一種難以壓抑的沖動(dòng)。這種沖動(dòng)往往以暴力告終,試圖通過自我摧殘、結(jié)束生命等方式尋求極限體驗(yàn)或最終屈服”。此觀點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生于歐茨創(chuàng)作生涯早期,但當(dāng)中所提到的愛情、金錢和暴力等主題幾乎呈現(xiàn)于作家其后創(chuàng)作的所有作品。 誠(chéng)然,歐茨的作品中反復(fù)展現(xiàn)暴力描寫：諸如謀殺、自殺、強(qiáng)奸、暴亂、縱火和毒打。她筆下的人物,不論出身背景,不乏因身處困境而痛苦掙扎的經(jīng)歷。但是,作家本身并非旨在簡(jiǎn)單記錄美國(guó)社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。相反,歐茨對(duì)作品中的人物所抱有的是一種同情之心,并希冀讀者亦能感受作品中所富含的憐憫之情。作品中“悲劇性”人物具有他們特有的“英勇”,這是因?yàn)槊鎸?duì)困難,他們常常能夠果斷地采取相應(yīng)的行動(dòng)。盡管當(dāng)中一些人物不能超越命運(yùn)局限,但他們?cè)诶Ь趁媲八憩F(xiàn)出的隱忍,足以反映人們生生不息超越困苦的不撓精神。 對(duì)于一部分評(píng)論者而言,歐茨作品多為悲劇性或暴力特征的再現(xiàn),然而歐茨的真正意圖,也可理解為是對(duì)小說中人物努力抗?fàn)幦松煺鄣目隙�。與自然主義作品中所體現(xiàn)的無助與無望不同,歐茨的創(chuàng)作目的在于喚醒讀者對(duì)人生局限性的理解并幫助他們“超越人類存在炫目的繁雜性,步入超越性/神性的存在”(NN35)。換言之,歐茨真正的創(chuàng)作意圖在于展現(xiàn)“超越”的可能性,而并非“揭露”人物噩夢(mèng)般的生存現(xiàn)狀。 的確,歐茨的許多作品大都以不同環(huán)境下難以避免的暴力沖動(dòng)為寫作對(duì)象,但是作品當(dāng)中暗含的創(chuàng)作宗旨更多地是有力展現(xiàn)怎樣實(shí)現(xiàn)以寬容的美德來超越困境的不可抗拒性。埃倫·G·弗里德曼“歐茨創(chuàng)作觀念的核心在于人不可能超越存在環(huán)境”的觀點(diǎn)有待重新評(píng)價(jià)。這是因?yàn)闅W茨的創(chuàng)作理念亦可陳述為,人生來并非一定承受苦難,而是通過選擇或者創(chuàng)造性適應(yīng),成功地越過苦難。 歐茨作品頗豐,因而有了“歐茨現(xiàn)象”。自1963年短篇小說集《北門邊》起至今,歐茨已發(fā)表57部長(zhǎng)短篇小說,35部短篇小說集,8部詩集,9部劇作,14部非小說性作品,當(dāng)中包括文學(xué)批評(píng),也包括一本有關(guān)拳擊的專論�！拔磥淼目脊艑W(xué)家即便僅僅集合歐茨的作品,亦可重構(gòu)戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)”,亨利·蓋茨上世紀(jì)90年代初評(píng)價(jià)道。 盡管仍有部分評(píng)論者認(rèn)為歐茨冷峻,暴力性作品的創(chuàng)作基礎(chǔ)源于她對(duì)現(xiàn)代美國(guó)所持的“噩夢(mèng)愿景”,但把歐茨稱作悲觀作家的見解仍不攻自破。與批評(píng)意見相反,歐茨希望能夠見到更多的讀者朝向理解帶有破壞性行為的根源,而并非僅限于對(duì)這些行為的譴責(zé)�？梢哉f,歐茨的作品意在明確肯定價(jià)值,指向一個(gè)更好的生活方式。歐茨闡釋道,嚴(yán)肅作家為“普世”而創(chuàng)作,并從紛擾的世間百態(tài)或平凡生活中探究意義和價(jià)值。她認(rèn)為正是因?yàn)橹魅斯萦诒瘧K境地,我們方能透過他的苦難目睹我們個(gè)人生活的反面,從而超越塵世的“齷齪污穢”。藝術(shù)的目的“不在于重現(xiàn)所見”,而在于“使能見”,文學(xué)評(píng)論的功用也不應(yīng)局限于無情攻擊或艷羨恭維地剖析作品,而應(yīng)力圖說明重要作家的作品如何闡釋他們或者讀者所躋身的時(shí)代。 透過分析歐茨小說和非小說中人物不懈努力地通過追求金錢、性愛、暴力和寬容等手段實(shí)現(xiàn)最終超越現(xiàn)實(shí)世界諸多局限,論文提出正確理解歐茨作品中時(shí)常受到評(píng)論者質(zhì)疑的“無序、無常和癲狂”,恰恰是探究歐茨超越創(chuàng)作觀念的基礎(chǔ)。諸多評(píng)論者在歐茨作品中所關(guān)注到的“暴力”應(yīng)正確地理解為歐茨展現(xiàn)主題的“手段”,而非創(chuàng)作最終“目的”。與其他偉大作家經(jīng)典作品相同,歐茨透過作品中刻畫的暴力現(xiàn)象背后所體現(xiàn)的真正意圖具有積極層面意義,而非僅限于消極意義,目的在于引導(dǎo)讀者認(rèn)識(shí)到現(xiàn)實(shí)生活環(huán)境的錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜,并力圖實(shí)現(xiàn)安然處于其間的生活目標(biāo)。從歐茨作品可知,作家始終堅(jiān)信人們能夠通過寬容美德實(shí)現(xiàn)適應(yīng)苦難,最終超越生命局限并達(dá)到愛與超越的彼岸。
[Abstract]:Joyce Carol Oates is one of the most prestigious writers in contemporary American literature.John Updike nicknamed her the greatest woman writer in America.In her speech at the National Book Award in 1970, Oates emphasized her intention of writing novels: "Reappearing the mid-twentieth century Americans can not be flattered." Emotions of detachment --- the obsession with love and money, the perplexity of interpersonal relationships in modern society, and the irrepressible impulse that I see and hear in the crowd. These impulses often end in violence, trying to find the ultimate experience or ultimate surrender through self-destruction, the end of life, etc. Opinions originated in the early years of Oates'writing career, but the themes of love, money and violence mentioned in them were presented in almost all his subsequent works.
It is true that Oates's works repeatedly show violent descriptions, such as murder, suicide, rape, riot, arson and beating. Her characters, regardless of their background, have painful experiences of struggling in a difficult position. But the writer herself is not intended to simply record American social phenomena. The tragic characters in the works have their own unique "courage" because they are often able to act decisively in the face of difficulties. Although some of them can not transcend the limits of fate, they are shown in the face of difficulties. The present forbearance is enough to reflect the indomitable spirit of people living beyond difficulties.
For some critics, Oates'works are mostly a representation of tragic or violent features. However, Oates' real intention can also be understood as an affirmation of the characters'struggle against life's setbacks. Unlike the helplessness and hopelessness embodied in naturalistic works, Oates' creation aims at arousing readers'limitations of life. Understanding and helping them to "transcend the dazzling complexity of human existence into transcendental/divine existence" (NN35). In other words, Oates'real intention is to show the possibility of transcendence, not to "expose" the nightmarish existence of the characters.
It is true that many of Oates'works are written on the unavoidable violent impulses in different environments, but the underlying purpose of his work is more to demonstrate the irresistibility of how to achieve the virtue of tolerance to overcome difficulties. This is because Oates'idea of creation can also be stated that man is not born to suffer, but to successfully overcome adversity by choice or creative adaptation.
Since 1963, Oates has published 57 short stories, 35 short stories, 8 poetry, 9 plays, 14 non-fiction works, including literary criticism and a monograph on boxing. The collection of Oates's works can also reconstruct the post-war us. Henry Gates commented on the early 90s of last century.
Although some critics still believe that Oates's grim, violent writing is based on her "nightmare vision" of modern America, the notion that Oates is a pessimistic writer is not self-explanatory. Contrary to the criticism, Oates hopes to see more readers towards understanding the root causes of destructive behaviour, not just about it. Limited to the condemnation of these acts, it can be said that Oates'works are intended to affirm value and point to a better way of life. Oates explains that serious writers create for the sake of "universal" and explore meaning and value from the confused worldly state or ordinary life. She believes that it is precisely because the hero is in a tragic position that we are able to penetrate. The purpose of art is not to reproduce what is seen, but to make it visible. The function of literary criticism should not be confined to mercilessly attacking or flattering the analysis of works, but to explain how important writers interpret them or their works. The age of readers and readers.
Through the analysis of Oates'novels and non-fictional characters' unremitting efforts to transcend the limitations of the real world through the pursuit of money, sex, violence and tolerance, the paper proposes that a correct understanding of Oates'"disorder, impermanence and madness", which is often questioned by critics, is precisely the basis for exploring Oates' transcendence of creative ideas. The "violence" that many critics pay attention to in Oates'works should be correctly understood as the "means" of Oates' presentation of the theme, not the ultimate "purpose" of his creation. From Oates'works, the author always believes that people can adapt to suffering through tolerance virtue, and ultimately transcend the limitations of life and reach the other side of love and transcendence.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：I712.065

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