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從表現(xiàn)主義之爭(zhēng)看西方馬克思主義美學(xué)的藝術(shù)形式觀念

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-05-11 11:27

  本文選題:藝術(shù)形式 + 表現(xiàn)主義之爭(zhēng); 參考:《陜西師范大學(xué)》2007年碩士論文


【摘要】: 1937~1938年在德國(guó)馬克思主義理論界開(kāi)展了一場(chǎng)表現(xiàn)主義之爭(zhēng),這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論雖然發(fā)生在上個(gè)世紀(jì)30年代,卻始終是馬克思主義美學(xué)研究的一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)。 表現(xiàn)主義之爭(zhēng)是西方馬克思主義美學(xué)的一件公案,這其中有著深刻的社會(huì)歷史原因,這場(chǎng)論爭(zhēng)是由于對(duì)表現(xiàn)主義的評(píng)價(jià)引起的,也是圍繞著如何評(píng)價(jià)表現(xiàn)主義等現(xiàn)代主義藝術(shù)而展開(kāi)的。本文從這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論中三位典型人物盧卡契、布萊希特、本雅明的理論出發(fā),通過(guò)論述他們對(duì)藝術(shù)的表現(xiàn)形式的爭(zhēng)論,來(lái)分析藝術(shù)形式在西方馬克思主義美學(xué)中的特殊地位。西方馬克思主義認(rèn)為藝術(shù)是在精神領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行革命的有力工具,因此,藝術(shù)的形式被歷史化了,政治化了,意識(shí)形態(tài)化了。 這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論有著深刻的社會(huì)歷史原因,西方工業(yè)國(guó)家相繼進(jìn)入資本主義高度發(fā)展時(shí)期,其資本主義基本矛盾因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)干預(yù)而得到解決,社會(huì)革命的意識(shí)被同化,另外歐洲法西斯主義實(shí)施恐怖手段對(duì)革命進(jìn)行壓制,政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的革命已不可能,因此這些西方馬克思主義者只能將革命的方向轉(zhuǎn)向精神文化領(lǐng)域,致力于在自由的思想文化領(lǐng)域建造批判武器。 這種思想反映在藝術(shù)文化領(lǐng)域內(nèi),就是人們開(kāi)始思考現(xiàn)實(shí)主義還能否像它在19世紀(jì)那樣,為我們創(chuàng)造輝煌,是我們正統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)批評(píng)遺產(chǎn)。20世紀(jì)的文藝現(xiàn)實(shí)是出現(xiàn)了許多新的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)形式,如表現(xiàn)主義、象征主義、超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義等現(xiàn)代主義藝術(shù),這些新的藝術(shù)形式以自我表現(xiàn)為主旨,它們大多表現(xiàn)為消解傳統(tǒng)文化所賦予事物的意義,強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人的體驗(yàn),形式上無(wú)序雜亂,反叛傳統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義,因此,在文藝?yán)碚摻,如何看待和分析這類(lèi)現(xiàn)代主義文學(xué)就成為即時(shí)的話題。 在這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論中,匈牙利著名美學(xué)家和文藝?yán)碚摷冶R卡契作為保守派,極力維護(hù)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義,而對(duì)表現(xiàn)主義等藝術(shù)形式持全盤(pán)否定的態(tài)度。盧卡契從總體性出發(fā),認(rèn)為只有現(xiàn)實(shí)主義才能真正反映社會(huì)面貌,,反映人的完整個(gè)性。盧卡契認(rèn)為表現(xiàn)主義只是抽象的反對(duì)資本主義,這種抽象的方法論總是導(dǎo)致形式上的主觀隨意性,而內(nèi)容上卻是空洞的抽象,這種抽象不可能揭示現(xiàn)象的社會(huì)根源,只能導(dǎo)致脫離“斗爭(zhēng)的核心”。 布萊希特是德國(guó)奧格斯戲劇作家,他也提倡現(xiàn)實(shí)主義,但是他認(rèn)為現(xiàn)實(shí)主義是要求用新的形式來(lái)表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)實(shí)。他要求新的表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)實(shí)的能力,就要掌握新的藝術(shù)技巧。在他的敘事劇戲劇理論中,要求戲劇通過(guò)對(duì)“間離”技巧的運(yùn)用達(dá)到一種陌生化效果,“間離”就是與現(xiàn)實(shí)相異,這樣可以使觀眾產(chǎn)生驚異和好奇心,引導(dǎo)觀眾對(duì)所表現(xiàn)的過(guò)程或人物采取一種探討的批判態(tài)度。布萊希特提倡用新的技巧表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)實(shí),這就給表現(xiàn)主義留有余地。 本雅明是20世紀(jì)前半期德國(guó)重要的文學(xué)評(píng)論家,與盧卡契相反,他認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)才是真正有力的藝術(shù),這類(lèi)藝術(shù)有最強(qiáng)烈的破壞力,可以對(duì)資本主義社會(huì)提出尖銳的批判。他將馬克思主義生產(chǎn)理論運(yùn)用到美學(xué)研究中,他認(rèn)為作家就是生產(chǎn)者,藝術(shù)被作為商品通過(guò)機(jī)械大批量的復(fù)制,技術(shù)手段的革新將藝術(shù)從特權(quán)階級(jí)的壟斷中解放出來(lái),使藝術(shù)成為人民的產(chǎn)品,可以成為人民批判社會(huì)的工具,這是藝術(shù)的解放。所以本雅明擁護(hù)表現(xiàn)主義等現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)。 表現(xiàn)主義之爭(zhēng)被認(rèn)為是繼馬克思、恩格斯與拉薩爾關(guān)于濟(jì)金根的論爭(zhēng)后,馬克思主義美學(xué)中又一重要論戰(zhàn)。無(wú)論是對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的維護(hù),要求用新的藝術(shù)技巧表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)實(shí),還是對(duì)現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)的開(kāi)放支持態(tài)度,都可以看出藝術(shù)的表現(xiàn)形式在西方馬克思主義美學(xué)中的重要地位。西方馬克思主義是基于一種革命性的文化策略,把文化創(chuàng)造的活力和思想的自由放在首位,因此,藝術(shù)在西方馬克思主義美學(xué)中有獨(dú)特激進(jìn)的意義,成為一種新的革命工具,而藝術(shù)的表現(xiàn)形式往往是這種社會(huì)責(zé)任的承擔(dān)者。無(wú)論是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義還是表現(xiàn)主義,都是針對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的具體運(yùn)用,已具有社會(huì)政治意義。
[Abstract]:In 1937 - 1938 , there was a contest of expressionism in the Marxist theory circle of Germany , which , though in the 1930s , has always been a hot spot of Marxist aesthetics research .






The struggle of expressionism is a public case of western Marxist aesthetics , which has profound social and historical reasons . This debate is based on the evaluation of expressionism and how to evaluate expressionism and other modern art . This paper analyzes the special position of art form in western Marxist aesthetics . Western Marxism holds that art is a powerful tool in the spiritual field . Therefore , art forms are history , politicized and ideological .






The debate has profound social and historical reasons , the western industrial countries have entered the capitalist high development period successively , their capitalist basic contradiction has been solved because of social intervention , the revolution in the political and economic fields has been impossible , and so the western Marxists can only turn the revolutionary direction to the spiritual culture field , and devote themselves to the construction of critical weapons in the field of freedom of thought and culture .






This kind of thought is reflected in the field of art and culture , it is whether people begin to think about realism as well as it in the 19th century , it is our orthodox art criticism heritage . The 20th century literature and art reality is the modern art that has appeared many new forms of art , such as expressionism , symbolism , surrealism and so on .






In this debate , the famous Hungarian aesthetician and the literary and art theorists , Lukaschi , as a conservative , try to maintain realism and have a totally negative attitude towards expressionism , etc . The Lukaschi believes that only realism can truly reflect the social aspect and reflect the complete personality of the human .






Brecht is a German Austrian drama writer who also advocates realism , but he believes that realism is a requirement to show reality in a new form . In his narrative drama drama theory , it is necessary to grasp new artistic techniques . In his narrative drama drama theory , it is necessary for the drama to adopt a kind of critical attitude towards the process or character being displayed .






Benjamin is an important literary critic in Germany in the first half of the 20th century . On the contrary , he believes that modern art is a truly powerful art . This kind of art has the strongest destructive power and can put forward sharp criticism to the capitalist society .






The struggle of expressionism is considered to be another important debate in Marxist aesthetics following the debate between Marx , Engels and Ramsar on Ji Jin - root . Whether it is realistic or open to modern art , it can be seen that the expression of art is an important position in western Marxist aesthetics . Western Marxism is a revolutionary tool , and the expression of art is often the principal of this kind of social responsibility .

【學(xué)位授予單位】:陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2007
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】:J01

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 劉婭;布萊希特戲劇中的小人物形象研究[D];安徽大學(xué);2012年

2 蘇建華;布萊希特的馬克思主義戲劇美學(xué)思想研究[D];黑龍江大學(xué);2012年



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