【摘要】：目前我國耕地環(huán)境質(zhì)量總體狀況不容樂觀,受污染耕地的面積約3.5億畝,其中土壤重金屬污染為主要污染類型。隨著環(huán)保法治力度加強,點源污染得到有效遏制,區(qū)域土壤重金屬面源污染防控成為研究的重點領域,由于人類活動歷史悠久和土地利用系統(tǒng)分異造就了都市區(qū)復雜的人地關系。本文從區(qū)域宏觀社會-生態(tài)系統(tǒng)(人地關系)視角切入,以國際性大都市—北京市的土壤重金屬為研究對象,以“構建土壤重金屬社會-生態(tài)系統(tǒng)綜合風險管理框架—實證分析”為主體思路,沿著“時空變異特征分析——土壤重金屬累積與土地利用格局關系——土壤重金屬社會-生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能分區(qū)—風險防控對策與政策保障體系”為實證思路,開展了區(qū)域土壤重金屬風險分區(qū)與防控對策研究。研究成果如下： (1)土壤重金屬社會-生態(tài)系統(tǒng)綜合風險管理框架由外部驅(qū)動子系統(tǒng)、內(nèi)生驅(qū)動子系統(tǒng)和土地利用系統(tǒng)表征三部分組成,資源系統(tǒng)、資源單元、利益相關者和管控系統(tǒng)是區(qū)域土壤重金屬協(xié)同演化和不確定問題分析的主體。區(qū)域土壤重金屬綜合屬性以人地關系為驅(qū)動、土地利用系統(tǒng)為表征、物質(zhì)流傳遞為向量,并從宏觀層面提出了區(qū)域土壤重金屬風險控制技術體系。 (2)利用GIS空間分析技術和數(shù)理統(tǒng)計方法,初步分析了北京市1985-2006年20年間Ni、Cr、 Zn和Hg含量和Cu、 As、 Cd和Pb污染風險等級的時空變化特征。結果表明：土壤重金屬含量在1985-2006年問空間累積程度差異顯著,其中Hg元素累積效應強烈,且與城市用地空間拓展路徑相似；Cr、Zn、 Ni局部地區(qū)有上升趨勢,屬于潛在污染風險元素；Cd、 Pb、 AsCu污染風險等級均有上升趨勢。 (3)在GIS支持下,對土壤重金屬累積和土地利用空間格局進行定量化研究,提取不同重金屬累積等級下的土地利用景觀格局特征,揭示景觀格局對土壤重金屬累積的貢獻率。結果表明：不同土壤重金屬之間的土地利用空間格局類型差異顯著。Cr和Ni的高值主要分布在采礦用地附近,而城市化地區(qū)的土壤重金屬富集明顯,尤其是Hg, Pb和Cd。在農(nóng)業(yè)集約化地區(qū)同樣出現(xiàn)了高累積水平的土壤重金屬,如As, Cu和Zn。不同重金屬元素在不同社會-生態(tài)過程呈現(xiàn)不同的富集特征,成土母質(zhì)為主要來源的元素(如Cr和Ni)高值分布在景觀斑塊大且形狀簡單的區(qū)域,相反,受人類活動控制的元素(如Hg, Pb, Cu, As, Cd和Zn)高值區(qū)主要存在于景觀類型豐富、多樣和破碎的區(qū)域。景觀格局特征對土壤重金屬富集的貢獻度達71.24%。 (4)提出土壤重金屬社會-生態(tài)類型區(qū)概念(social-ecological patterns of heavy metals, SEPHM),采用符合社會-生態(tài)類型區(qū)協(xié)同演化規(guī)律的自組織映射網(wǎng)絡模型(SOM)為工具,實現(xiàn)北京市鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)尺度“自下而上”與“自上而下”的重金屬管理分區(qū)。北京市土壤重金屬累積的主要因子為人口密度、植被指數(shù)、工礦用地密度和道路密度。土壤重金屬社會-生態(tài)類型區(qū)可分為三大類九亞類,且類型區(qū)與北京市主體功能區(qū)規(guī)劃相銜接,具有現(xiàn)實可操作性。 在綜合上述研究分析的基礎上,提出北京市土壤重金屬污染風險防控對策與政策保障體系。主要內(nèi)容為：以國土空間規(guī)劃為技術手段的重金屬聯(lián)防聯(lián)控；以產(chǎn)業(yè)結構布局和分區(qū)管制為重的重金屬源頭控制；以市場經(jīng)濟為導向的土壤污染修復產(chǎn)業(yè)平臺搭建；以政府為主導的“一攬子”政策法治保障機制。
[Abstract]:At present, the overall situation of cultivated land environmental quality in China is not optimistic. The area of polluted cultivated land is about 350 million mu, of which heavy metal pollution is the main pollution type. From the perspective of regional macro-social-ecological system (man-land relationship), this paper takes the soil heavy metals in Beijing, an international metropolis, as the research object, and focuses on "building a comprehensive risk management framework of soil heavy metals society-ecological System-Empirical analysis". Based on the analysis of spatial-temporal variability characteristics, the relationship between soil heavy metal accumulation and land use pattern, the social-ecosystem functional zoning of soil heavy metals, the risk prevention and control countermeasures and the policy guarantee system, the regional soil heavy metal risk zoning and prevention and control countermeasures were carried out.
(1) The framework of soil heavy metal social-ecosystem integrated risk management consists of three subsystems: external drive subsystem, endogenous drive subsystem and land use system. Resource system, resource unit, stakeholders and management and control system are the main parts of regional soil heavy metal co-evolution and uncertainty analysis. The comprehensive attributes are driven by man-land relationship, represented by land use system, and vector by material flow. A regional soil heavy metal risk control technology system is proposed from the macro level.
(2) The spatial and temporal variations of Ni, Cr, Zn and Hg contents and Cu, As, Cd and Pb pollution risk grades in Beijing during the 20 years 1985-2006 were preliminarily analyzed by means of GIS spatial analysis and mathematical statistics. The spatial expansion path of urban land is similar; Cr, Zn, Ni are rising in some areas, which belong to potential pollution risk elements; Cd, Pb, AsCu pollution risk levels have an upward trend.
(3) Quantitative study on soil heavy metal accumulation and land use spatial pattern was carried out with the support of GIS. Landscape pattern characteristics of land use under different heavy metal accumulation levels were extracted to reveal the contribution rate of landscape pattern to soil heavy metal accumulation. Significant. The high values of Cr and Ni are mainly distributed in the vicinity of mining land, while the soil heavy metals in urbanized areas are obviously enriched, especially Hg, Pb and Cd. Soil heavy metals with high accumulation levels, such as As, Cu and Zn, also appear in agricultural intensive areas. High values of parent materials (such as Cr and Ni) were mainly distributed in large and simple landscape patches. On the contrary, high values of elements (such as Hg, Pb, Cu, As, Cd and Zn) controlled by human activities mainly existed in areas rich in landscape types, diverse and fragmented. Landscape pattern characteristics contributed 71.24% to soil heavy metal enrichment.
(4) The concept of social-ecological patterns of heavy metals (SEPHM) was put forward, and the self-organizing mapping network model (SOM) was used as a tool to realize the "bottom-up" and "top-down" heavy metals management zoning at township level in Beijing. The main factors of accumulation of heavy metals in urban soils are population density, vegetation index, industrial and mining land density and road density.
On the basis of the above research and analysis, the countermeasures and policy guarantee system of soil heavy metal pollution risk prevention and control in Beijing were put forward. The platform for pollution remediation industry is set up, and the "government package" policy protection mechanism under the rule of law is adopted.
【學位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X53

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