巴音布魯克草原濕地景觀格局變化及其水文驅動機制研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-17 05:41
【摘要】：巴音布魯克草原濕地發(fā)育在天山南坡的尤勒都斯山間構造盆地之中,濕地的形成主要緣于大范圍干旱區(qū)中天山褶皺斷塊隆起導致的高海拔冷濕氣候。作為流域生態(tài)系統的一個重要組成部分,獨特的地理與生態(tài)區(qū)位使得巴音布魯克草原濕地成為維系流域生態(tài)環(huán)境安全的關鍵因素。由于巴音布魯克草原濕地位于高海拔、高寒地帶,生態(tài)環(huán)境極為脆弱、敏感,氣候變化、人類活動等干擾對其產生的影響遠較一般地區(qū)的濕地要快和劇烈。近年來,在全球氣候變化及人類活動雙重作用下,巴音布魯克草原濕地的景觀格局發(fā)生了明顯的變化。本研究根據巴音布魯克濕地水文和植被特征建立了濕地景觀分類系統,基于ENVI4.8對1998年、2006年和2014年三個不同時期的衛(wèi)星影像做出預處理,提取景觀格局信息并評價信息提取結果的精度。通過GIS空間分析生成景觀轉移矩陣,并據此分析不同斑塊類型間的轉化過程,之后計算得出景觀格局指數,分析研究區(qū)內斑塊類型水平以及景觀水平上的格局特征及其時空變化規(guī)律。從濕地水文要素能直接或間接地影響景觀格局的角度出發(fā),分析研究區(qū)景觀格局發(fā)生變化的水文驅動機制,揭示巴音布魯克草原濕地景觀格局變化的根本原因,以期為區(qū)域濕地資源的合理利用提供參考進而為濕地生態(tài)環(huán)境的保護提供科學依據。本文的主要結論如下：(1)1998年至2014年以來,研究區(qū)的濕地面積呈不斷增加趨勢,這主要得益于近年來研究區(qū)的氣候朝暖濕化方向發(fā)展；沙地面積不斷擴大,且速度呈現加速化,這與局部地區(qū)過度放牧導致植被破壞以及雨水沖刷有關；研究區(qū)的景觀總體呈現出破碎化趨勢,斑塊形狀變得復雜,景觀內部優(yōu)勢度降低,異質性增加,各斑塊類型的分布更為均勻,景觀類型由集中變?yōu)榉稚ⅰ?2)研究區(qū)的植被物種豐富度與生境水深在0.01水平上呈顯著負相關,相關系數達到-0.842,說明研究區(qū)的植物種類數受到生境水深的影響。在一定范圍內,隨著生境水位的升高,植物的種類減少,物種豐富度降低。(3)研究區(qū)的樣方生物量和生境水深之間有著較大的關聯性。隨著生境水位的升高,植物樣方的生物量呈現出先升高后降低的趨勢,R2達到0.764�？赡茉蚴请S著生境水位的升高,植被獲取水分及營養(yǎng)物質的條件得以改善,使得凈初級生產力提高；當水位繼續(xù)升高直至生境處于淹水狀態(tài)時,植被物種豐富度的降低導致了生物量的下降。(4)水文過程是濕地景觀格局變化的主要驅動因素,它可以直接作用于濕地景觀,也可以通過影響濕地生態(tài)系統的物理化學過程、生物過程等間接地對其景觀格局產生影響。經灰色關聯分析表明,研究區(qū)的LSI、ED、SHDI以及SHEI等景觀格局指數與徑流量、降水量等水文要素之間有著明顯的相關性。
[Abstract]:The Bayinbrook grassland wetland is developed in the Uladuz Intermountain tectonic basin on the southern slope of Tianshan Mountain. The formation of the wetland is mainly due to the high altitude cold and wet climate caused by the uplift of the middle Tianshan fold fault block in a wide range of arid areas. As an important part of the watershed ecosystem, the unique geographical and ecological location makes the Bayinbrook grassland wetland a key factor to maintain the ecological environment security of the basin. Because the Bayinbrook grassland wetland is located in the high altitude, the high cold area, the ecological environment is extremely fragile, sensitive, the climate change, the human activity and so on disturbance produces the influence to it is much faster and more intense than the general area wetland. In recent years, under the dual action of global climate change and human activities, the landscape pattern of Bayinbrook grassland wetland has changed obviously. Based on the hydrological and vegetation characteristics of Bayinbrook wetland, a wetland landscape classification system was established in this paper. Based on ENVI4.8, the satellite images of three different periods in 1998, 2006 and 2014 were preprocessed. Extract landscape pattern information and evaluate the accuracy of information extraction results. The landscape transfer matrix was generated by GIS spatial analysis, and the transformation process among different patch types was analyzed, and then the landscape pattern index was calculated. The pattern characteristics and temporal and spatial changes of patch types and landscape levels in the study area were analyzed. From the point of view that the hydrological elements of wetland can directly or indirectly affect the landscape pattern, the hydrological driving mechanism of landscape pattern change in the study area is analyzed, and the fundamental reasons for the change of landscape pattern in Bayinbrook grassland are revealed. In order to provide reference for the rational utilization of regional wetland resources and provide scientific basis for the protection of wetland ecological environment. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) since 1998 to 2014, the wetland area of the study area has been increasing, which is mainly due to the recent development of the climate in the study area towards the direction of warm and wet, and the area of sandy land has been expanding and the speed is accelerating. This is related to vegetation destruction and Rain Water erosion caused by overgrazing in local areas. The landscape in the study area showed a trend of fragmentation, the patch shape became complex, the dominance of landscape interior decreased, and the heterogeneity increased. The distribution of each patch type was more uniform, and the landscape type changed from concentration to dispersion. (2) there was a significant negative correlation between vegetation species richness and habitat water depth at 0.01 level in the study area. The correlation coefficient was -0.842, indicating that the number of plant species in the study area was affected by the water depth of habitat. In a certain range, with the increase of habitat water level, the species of plants decreased and the species richness decreased. (3) there is a great correlation between the biomass of sample square and the water depth of habitat in the study area. With the increase of water level in habitat, the biomass of plant sample increased first and then decreased, and the R2 reached 0.764. This may be due to the improvement of vegetation access to water and nutrients as the habitat water level rises, resulting in an increase in net primary productivity; when the water level continues to rise until the habitat is flooded, The decrease of vegetation species richness leads to the decrease of biomass. (4) Hydrological process is the main driving factor of wetland landscape pattern change, which can directly affect wetland landscape, but also affect the physical and chemical process of wetland ecosystem. Biological processes have an indirect effect on the landscape pattern. The grey correlation analysis shows that there is a significant correlation between the landscape pattern indices such as LSI EDV SHDI and Shei and the hydrological factors such as runoff precipitation and so on.
【學位授予單位】：東北師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：P901
本文編號：2129259
[Abstract]:The Bayinbrook grassland wetland is developed in the Uladuz Intermountain tectonic basin on the southern slope of Tianshan Mountain. The formation of the wetland is mainly due to the high altitude cold and wet climate caused by the uplift of the middle Tianshan fold fault block in a wide range of arid areas. As an important part of the watershed ecosystem, the unique geographical and ecological location makes the Bayinbrook grassland wetland a key factor to maintain the ecological environment security of the basin. Because the Bayinbrook grassland wetland is located in the high altitude, the high cold area, the ecological environment is extremely fragile, sensitive, the climate change, the human activity and so on disturbance produces the influence to it is much faster and more intense than the general area wetland. In recent years, under the dual action of global climate change and human activities, the landscape pattern of Bayinbrook grassland wetland has changed obviously. Based on the hydrological and vegetation characteristics of Bayinbrook wetland, a wetland landscape classification system was established in this paper. Based on ENVI4.8, the satellite images of three different periods in 1998, 2006 and 2014 were preprocessed. Extract landscape pattern information and evaluate the accuracy of information extraction results. The landscape transfer matrix was generated by GIS spatial analysis, and the transformation process among different patch types was analyzed, and then the landscape pattern index was calculated. The pattern characteristics and temporal and spatial changes of patch types and landscape levels in the study area were analyzed. From the point of view that the hydrological elements of wetland can directly or indirectly affect the landscape pattern, the hydrological driving mechanism of landscape pattern change in the study area is analyzed, and the fundamental reasons for the change of landscape pattern in Bayinbrook grassland are revealed. In order to provide reference for the rational utilization of regional wetland resources and provide scientific basis for the protection of wetland ecological environment. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) since 1998 to 2014, the wetland area of the study area has been increasing, which is mainly due to the recent development of the climate in the study area towards the direction of warm and wet, and the area of sandy land has been expanding and the speed is accelerating. This is related to vegetation destruction and Rain Water erosion caused by overgrazing in local areas. The landscape in the study area showed a trend of fragmentation, the patch shape became complex, the dominance of landscape interior decreased, and the heterogeneity increased. The distribution of each patch type was more uniform, and the landscape type changed from concentration to dispersion. (2) there was a significant negative correlation between vegetation species richness and habitat water depth at 0.01 level in the study area. The correlation coefficient was -0.842, indicating that the number of plant species in the study area was affected by the water depth of habitat. In a certain range, with the increase of habitat water level, the species of plants decreased and the species richness decreased. (3) there is a great correlation between the biomass of sample square and the water depth of habitat in the study area. With the increase of water level in habitat, the biomass of plant sample increased first and then decreased, and the R2 reached 0.764. This may be due to the improvement of vegetation access to water and nutrients as the habitat water level rises, resulting in an increase in net primary productivity; when the water level continues to rise until the habitat is flooded, The decrease of vegetation species richness leads to the decrease of biomass. (4) Hydrological process is the main driving factor of wetland landscape pattern change, which can directly affect wetland landscape, but also affect the physical and chemical process of wetland ecosystem. Biological processes have an indirect effect on the landscape pattern. The grey correlation analysis shows that there is a significant correlation between the landscape pattern indices such as LSI EDV SHDI and Shei and the hydrological factors such as runoff precipitation and so on.
【學位授予單位】：東北師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：P901
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