本文選題：戈壁地貌 + 礫石粒徑��； 參考：《中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：戈壁是干旱環(huán)境中的一種獨(dú)特地貌景觀。戈壁表面礫石形貌參數(shù)研究對于研究戈壁形成演化過程和風(fēng)沙活動(dòng)影響,以及開展戈壁地區(qū)生態(tài)保護(hù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)開發(fā)都具有重要意義。目前在戈壁區(qū)開展的大范圍、高精度的礫石形貌特征參數(shù)研究較少,究其原因主要是地面測量精度高,但受人工測量效率的限制難以獲得大量的樣本;遙感估算覆蓋面積大但是由于遙感影像空間分辨率較低,難以直接測量礫石形貌特征。隨著近地面遙感技術(shù)的發(fā)展,在戈壁表面獲取較大覆蓋范圍、超高地面分辨率的數(shù)字圖像越來越便利。因此,利用計(jì)算機(jī)圖像模式識別領(lǐng)域先進(jìn)的圖像分析技術(shù)發(fā)展針對高空間分辨率圖像的圖像分析技術(shù)具有重要的科學(xué)意義和應(yīng)用前景。然而,迄今為止,基于圖像自動(dòng)計(jì)算礫石形貌參數(shù)的方法在戈壁的形成演化研究中尚未見到報(bào)道。因此,本研究提出一種基于圖像,利用機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)算法快速、準(zhǔn)確測量戈壁表面礫石覆蓋度、粒徑、形狀比率和方位角等形貌參數(shù)的新方法,并利用地面實(shí)測和人工矢量化地面攝影數(shù)字圖像驗(yàn)證了新方法的精度。應(yīng)用該方法以中國新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)哈密市天山南麓洪積扇(93°0′0″E,43°10′0″N)為研究區(qū)域,利用野外地面攝影、近地面無人機(jī)遙感和衛(wèi)星影像三種不同尺度數(shù)據(jù)源,實(shí)現(xiàn)了天空地一體化的戈壁表面礫石形貌特征和空間分布規(guī)律研究。主要研究成果如下:(1)提出了一套基于決策樹圖像分類算法、分水嶺圖像分割算法,快速、準(zhǔn)確測定戈壁表面礫石覆蓋度、粒徑、形狀比率和方位角等形貌特征的新技術(shù)(Morphological characteristics gain effectively technique,McGET)。通過與地面測量和人工矢量化測量的形貌特征參數(shù)進(jìn)行比較,評估了McGET方法的精度。結(jié)果顯示:與地面測量結(jié)果比較,McGET計(jì)算的大礫石(粒徑不小于對應(yīng)樣方地面測量粒徑最小值)粒徑均值與地面測量結(jié)果非常接近(y=1.00x+2.74,R2=0.89,P0.001)。與手動(dòng)勾繪結(jié)果比較,McGET計(jì)算的礫石覆蓋度精度范圍在92.6%~99.9%;在戈壁表面不存在大量疊置的礫石的情況下,McGET計(jì)算的粒徑均值精度大于69%;McGET計(jì)算的礫石形狀比率均值精度在88%~99%;在戈壁表面不存在大量近圓形礫石的情況下,McGET獲得的礫石方位角分布與手動(dòng)勾繪一致。更重要的是,McGET大大縮短了野外地面測量及室內(nèi)圖像處理花費(fèi)的時(shí)間。因此,McGET可以同時(shí)處理大量戈壁樣方圖片,快速、準(zhǔn)確獲取多類型的礫石形貌參數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)。(2)McGET技術(shù)在樣方(1m×1m)、景觀(3 ha)和區(qū)域(300 km2)尺度上的適用范圍有所差異。在樣方尺度上,McGET可以提取到單個(gè)礫石的所有形貌特征,包含礫石覆蓋度、粒徑、形狀、方位角等,只不過受圖像地面分辨率和覆蓋范圍的限制,樣方尺度上提取的礫石粒級范圍多在4mm到256mm左右,比較適合粒級較小的戈壁表面礫石研究。在樣區(qū)尺度上,McGET也可以提取到單個(gè)礫石,只不過受圖像地面分辨率限制,提取的礫石粒徑在32mm以上,比較適合粒級較大的戈壁表面礫石研究。在區(qū)域尺度上,McGET可以獲取像元內(nèi)礫石特征的均值,適合通過遙感反演進(jìn)行大尺度上礫石粒徑的分級研究。(3)應(yīng)用McGET技術(shù)結(jié)合運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)和遙感反演技術(shù),分別以地面數(shù)字圖像、無人機(jī)高分辨率圖像和衛(wèi)星影像為數(shù)據(jù)源,在樣方、景觀和區(qū)域尺度上上對戈壁表面的礫石形貌特征進(jìn)行了估算。樣方尺度上,礫石覆蓋度均值約為75%;礫石呈現(xiàn)單峰左偏態(tài)分布,礫石粒徑均值約為15mm;礫石形狀比率均值約為1.57。景觀尺度上,自扇心到靠近扇緣,三個(gè)樣區(qū)的礫石覆蓋度分別為34.22%,26.85%,21.88%;礫石粒徑均值分別為130,95,78 mm。區(qū)域尺度上,以Landsat 8 OLI地表反射率產(chǎn)品為數(shù)據(jù)源,結(jié)合地面樣方調(diào)查,建立了戈壁表面礫石粒徑遙感估算模型,獲得了較好精度(R2=0.549)。(4)本研究通過綜合樣方、景觀及區(qū)域尺度上礫石特征的測定結(jié)果,分析了礫石特征隨海拔、坡度等因素的變化,得到了景觀和區(qū)域尺度上戈壁表面礫石的空間分異規(guī)律。在景觀尺度上,沿海拔變化方向,礫石覆蓋度和礫石粒徑變化與海拔關(guān)系不大,可能受到植被分布和局部地形的影響。以地貌單元為單位分析,在靠近扇心區(qū)域,平地礫石覆蓋度和粒徑都明顯高于坡地,扇中區(qū)域二者差異不大,靠近扇緣區(qū)域平地上礫石覆蓋度和粒徑都略低于坡地上。自扇心到扇緣,平地上礫石覆蓋度和粒徑的下降速度由快變緩,坡地上礫石覆蓋度和粒徑的下降速度相對平地較為均勻。在進(jìn)行景觀尺度的戈壁表面礫石特征空間分布研究時(shí),局部微地形的影響不可忽略。在區(qū)域尺度上,從洪積扇扇心到扇緣,戈壁表面的礫石覆蓋度和礫石粒徑都逐漸減小,而礫石形狀比率略微增大。線性回歸分析顯示,海拔每升高100m,礫石覆蓋度顯著增加了2.2%,礫石粒徑均值顯著增加了0.5mm左右,而礫石形狀比率下降了0.004左右。沿著海拔變化方向,礫石粒徑均值逐漸減小且在扇心和扇緣區(qū)域下降速度較快,隨水平距離增加分別為1.83mm/km和0.31mm/km,在扇中區(qū)域下降速度較慢,為0.15mm/km。同一海拔梯度上,在接近洪積扇中軸線的位置礫石粒徑較高,而兩側(cè)粒徑較小;其中扇心區(qū)域,二者差別最大,大于3mm,扇中區(qū)域二者差別最小,接近2mm。在區(qū)域尺度上,礫石粒徑變化受宏觀地形下的坡度影響較大。
[Abstract]:Gobi is a unique landscape in arid environment. Study on morphology parameters of Gobi gravel surface influence the formation of the evolutionary process and the aeolian activities for the study of Gobi and Gobi area, carry out ecological protection and economic development are of great significance. At present in the Gobi region of large range, gravel topography of the high precision. The main reason is the high measurement accuracy, but by the manual measurement efficiency limit is difficult to obtain a large number of samples; remote sensing coverage area is large due to the low spatial resolution remote sensing image, is difficult to directly measure the gravel morphology. With the development of remote sensing technology in the near ground, Gobi acquired a large surface coverage, digital image and super the high ground resolution more convenient. Therefore, the use of advanced computer image analysis image pattern recognition technology development for high spatial resolution The rate of image image analysis technology has important scientific significance and application prospect. However, so far, the automatic calculation method based on morphology parameters in the formation of gravel image has not seen the evolution of Gobi. Therefore, this study proposes a new method based on image, using machine learning algorithm is fast, accurate measurement of the surface of the gravel coverage in Gobi a new method, particle size, shape ratio and azimuth angle shape parameters, and the use of ground truth and artificial vector ground photography digital image to verify the accuracy of the new method. The application of this method to Chinese Hami City, south of the Tianshan Mountains in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region alluvial fan (93 degrees 0 '0 "E, 43 degrees 10' 0" for N) the study area, using field near ground photography, UAV remote sensing and satellite images of three different scales of data source, realize the integration of the distribution of sky surface morphology and spatial characteristics of Gobi gravel Study on the law. The main results are as follows: (1) proposed a decision tree based image classification algorithm, watershed segmentation algorithm, fast and accurate determination of Gobi surface gravel coverage, particle size, new technology of shape ratio and azimuth angle morphology (Morphological characteristics gain effectively technique, McGET) through the comparison. The morphology parameters and the ground measurement and artificial vector measurement, evaluate the accuracy of the McGET method. The results show that: compared with ground measurements, McGET calculation of boulders (diameter not less than the minimum particle size measurement of ground plots) mean particle diameter and the ground are very close to the measured results (y=1.00x+2.74, R2=0.89, P0.001). Compared with the results of manual drawing, McGET calculation accuracy of gravel coverage in the range of 92.6%~99.9%; in Gobi a lot of gravel doesn't exist on the surface of the laminated case, McGET calculation The mean size accuracy is higher than 69%; McGET calculation of gravel shape ratio accuracy in the 88%~99% mean; in Gobi there is a large surface nearly round gravel under the condition that the angular distribution is consistent with the manual drawing range gravel McGET obtained. More importantly, McGET greatly reduces the field measurement and indoor image processing time. Therefore, McGET can handle a large number of Gobi sample pictures, fast, accurate data acquisition of multi parameter gravel morphology types. (2) McGET in the plot (1m * 1m), landscape (3 HA) and region (300 km2) on the scale of scope vary. In scale, McGET can be extracted to all appearance characteristics of single gravel, including gravel coverage, particle size, shape, azimuth angle, but the image ground resolution and coverage restrictions, extraction scale of gravel particle size range in 4mm to about 256mm, than Gobi is suitable for the size of the gravel surface. In the area of small scale, McGET can also be extracted into a single gravel, but by the image ground resolution limit, the extraction of gravel size above 32mm, more suitable for the study of Gobi large size gravel surface. In the regional scale, the mean McGET can obtain the characteristics of gravel in a pixel, suitable for large scale gravel particle size classification by remote sensing. (3) the application of McGET technology combined with the structure and motion recovery of remote sensing technology, respectively, to ground digital image, UAV high-resolution images and satellite images as data sources in the sample, the landscape and regional scale on the gravel morphology the surface of Gobi were estimated. Quadrat scale, gravel coverage average is about 75%; gravel unimodal left skewed distribution, the mean grain size of gravel is about 15mm; the gravel shape ratio average is about 1.5 7. on the scale of landscape, from the heart to close to the edge of the fan fan, three area gravel coverage were 34.22%, 26.85%, 21.88%; the mean grain size of gravel were 130,95,78 mm. on a regional scale, using Landsat 8 OLI surface reflectance products as the data source, combined with ground investigation, established the Gobi gravel surface size estimation models, obtain good precision (R2=0.549). (4) the sample determination results of gravel characteristics landscape and regional scale, analyzes the characteristics of gravel with altitude, slope changes and other factors, the variation of landscape and regional scale space in Gobi. In the landscape of gravel surface on the scale, along the elevation direction, gravel covered little and gravel size and altitude change, may be affected by the distribution of vegetation and the effects of local topography. The landform unit analysis, near the fan area, the ground covered with pebbles The degree and particle size were significantly higher than that in the two fan slope, regional difference, close to the edge of the fan area on the ground gravel coverage and particle size are slightly lower than the slope. From the heart to the edge of the fan fan, flat gravel coverage and particle size decrease speed is slow, the slope and gravel coverage the particle size decreased the relative speed of the ground is more uniform. In landscape scale spatial distribution characteristics of Gobi gravel surface, the effects of local micro topography can not be neglected. In the regional scale, from the heart to the fan fan, Gobi surface gravel coverage and gravel particle size gradually decreases, and the ratio of gravel shape increased slightly. The linear regression analysis showed that the altitude of every 100m increase of gravel coverage increased 2.2%, the mean grain size of gravel increased about 0.5mm, while the gravel shape ratio decreased by about 0.004. Along the elevation change direction, size of rock fragments were Decreases in the fan and heart and edge of the fan area decreased faster, with increasing horizontal distance were 1.83mm/km and 0.31mm/km, in the area of decline was slower in the fan, 0.15mm/km. at the same altitude, near the alluvial fan in axis size of rock fragments is high, and the two side size is smaller; the fan area two, the difference between the maximum, more than 3mm, the difference between the two smallest fan in the area, close to 2mm. in the regional scale, gravel size change by slope under the influence of macro topography is large.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：P931.3

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