“很多”、“很少”語(yǔ)法不對(duì)稱的跨語(yǔ)言研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-09 21:03
【摘要】：本文是關(guān)于“很多”、“很少”的句法功能及其語(yǔ)法不對(duì)稱的跨語(yǔ)言研究，以結(jié)構(gòu)主義的分布分析為基礎(chǔ)，進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義和句法分析，在描寫的基礎(chǔ)上解釋“很多”、“很少”不對(duì)稱的內(nèi)在原因。在研究中盡可能做到形式和意義相結(jié)合，描寫與解釋相結(jié)合。本文的研究對(duì)對(duì)外漢語(yǔ)教學(xué)有積極作用。 全文主要包括六個(gè)部分： 一、從語(yǔ)義和句法功能上分析了漢語(yǔ)“很多”、“很少”的對(duì)稱性和不對(duì)稱性�！昂芏唷痹诰渲锌梢猿洚�(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、形容詞補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，并能修飾量詞，但不能修飾“數(shù)·量·名”結(jié)構(gòu)；“很少”在句中只能充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，并能修飾“數(shù)·量·名”結(jié)構(gòu)，但不能修飾量詞。兩者表現(xiàn)出明顯的不對(duì)稱性。 二、對(duì)“很多”、“很少”做定語(yǔ)的不對(duì)稱性做了深入的描寫，并做出解釋。所有出現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞前的“很少”不能做主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)，像“很少人”這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)只是“很少有人”的省略形式，在動(dòng)詞前的“很少NP”中的“很少”在句中做狀語(yǔ)而非定語(yǔ)，這和“很多”做主語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)的情況顯現(xiàn)出明顯的不對(duì)稱性；動(dòng)詞后的“很多”在句中也能自由地修飾名詞或名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)，動(dòng)詞后的“很少”仍然不能自由地修飾名詞或名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)，若動(dòng)詞后的“很少”要做賓語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)，必須有條件限制，兩者表現(xiàn)出明顯的不對(duì)稱性。 三、英語(yǔ)中“many/few”和“much/little”也表現(xiàn)出對(duì)稱性和不對(duì)稱性，“many”,“much”和“few”都能用做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)，而“l(fā)ittle”只能做賓語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)；做名詞、代詞的“many”可做主語(yǔ)也可做賓語(yǔ)，而“few”在句中只能做主語(yǔ)，兩者表現(xiàn)出不對(duì)稱性，而“l(fā)ittle”和“much”在句中都能充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，兩者沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出不對(duì)稱性；“l(fā)ittle/much”在句中都可以做狀語(yǔ)，，而“few/many”則沒(méi)有這種用法，這也顯示了它們之間的不對(duì)稱性。另外，英語(yǔ)中，除了“many”與“much”以外，還存在很多表示“數(shù)量大、很多”意義的相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)，主要有：“not a little/quite alittle、not a few/quite a few、a (large) number of/(large) numbers of、A large/hugeamount of/large amounts of、a lot of/lots of、plenty of/a plenty of、a good/greatmany、many a、scores of/dozens of、a great/good deal of、numerous、a large quantityof/large quantities of”等等詞組，通過(guò)對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)料庫(kù)CORPUS OFCONTEMPORARY AMERICAN ENGLISH的考察發(fā)現(xiàn)，以上這些詞語(yǔ)都能在句中做定語(yǔ)，這跟漢語(yǔ)統(tǒng)計(jì)的情況一致，表示大量的詞語(yǔ)傾向做定語(yǔ)。 四、法語(yǔ)中表示“很多”的“beaucoup”和表示“很少”的“peu”在語(yǔ)義和句法功能上表現(xiàn)出對(duì)稱性和不對(duì)稱性�！癰eaucoup'’和“peu”在句中都能充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ);"beaucoup de"和‘'peu de"在法語(yǔ)中可以做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ);表示“很多"的"beaucoup'’在句中能做主語(yǔ),而表示"很少"的“peu”不能做主語(yǔ),兩者有明顯的不對(duì)稱性。 五、韓語(yǔ)的“(?)”和“(?)”語(yǔ)義和句法功能上表現(xiàn)出對(duì)稱性和不對(duì)稱性。表示"很多"的“(?)”在句中可以充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ),“(?)”在句中做狀語(yǔ);表示"很少”的“(?)”、“(?)”、“(?)”和“(?)”在句中只能做謂語(yǔ),而表示“很少的”“(?)”在句中只能做定語(yǔ)。可見(jiàn),在韓語(yǔ)中,表示"很多"和“很少"的相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)也表現(xiàn)出明顯的不對(duì)稱性。 六、從語(yǔ)義和句法功能上對(duì)簡(jiǎn)陽(yáng)方言的"多少"和'多少的”、"少多"和'少少"、"多少多"和"多少少"進(jìn)行考察,發(fā)現(xiàn)該方言中表示"很多"和"很少”的相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)"少多、多少的、多少多"與"少少、多少、多少少”都能做謂語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ),在句法分布上沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出不對(duì)稱性,但兩者重音位置上表現(xiàn)出不對(duì)稱。最后,還總結(jié)了簡(jiǎn)陽(yáng)方言中的"少多、多少的、多少多"與"少少、多少、多少少”跟普通話的"很多"與"很少"在句法功能上表現(xiàn)出的共性。
[Abstract]:This paper is a cross language study of "many", "little" syntactic functions and their grammatical asymmetry, based on structural analysis of distribution, semantic and syntactic analysis, on the basis of description, to explain the internal causes of "many" and "few" asymmetries. Combining with explanation, this paper has a positive effect on teaching Chinese as a foreign language.
The full text mainly includes six parts:
First, it analyzes the symmetry and asymmetry of Chinese "many" and "few" from the semantic and syntactic functions. "Many" can act as subject, object, attributive, predicate, verb complement, adjective complement, and can modify quantifier, but can not modify the structure of "number. Quantity. Name"; "few" can only act as predicate, adverbial in sentence. And verb complement, and can modify the "number, quantity, noun" structure, but can not modify the quantifier.
Two, it makes an in-depth description of the asymmetry of "many" and "few" attributions, and explains it. All the "few" can not be the attributive of the subject before the verb, such as "few people", the structure is only the ellipsis of "few people", and the "very little" in the "little NP" before the verb is adverbial in the sentence. Non attributive, this and "a lot" of the subject of the subject modifier show obvious asymmetry; the "many" after the verb can also freely modify the noun or nominal structure, the "few" after the verb can still not be free to modify the noun or nominal structure, if the verb after the word "little" to be the object of the attributive, it must be Conditionally, they show obvious asymmetry.
Three, "many/few" and "much/little" in English also show symmetry and asymmetry, "many", "much" and "few" can be used as the attributive of the subject and the object, and "little" can only be the object of the object; the noun, the pronoun "many" can be the subject and the object, and the "few" in the sentence can only be the subject, both the two forms. Asymmetry, and "little" and "much" can act as the subject and object in the sentence, and there is no asymmetry in both; "little/much" can be adverbial in the sentence, and "few/many" does not have such use, which also shows the asymmetry between them. In addition, in English, except for "many" and "much". Not a little/quite alittle, not a few/quite a few, a (large) number. Good deal of, numerous, a large quantityof/large quantities of "and so on, and so on, through the investigation of the English Corpus CORPUS OFCONTEMPORARY AMERICAN, the above words can be used as attributive in the sentence, which is consistent with the situation of Chinese statistics, indicating that a large number of words tend to be attributive.
Four, in French, "a lot" of "beaucoup" and "little" "PEU" show symmetry and asymmetry in the semantic and syntactic functions. "Beaucoup'" and "PEU" can act as adverbials in the sentence; "beaucoup de" and "'peu de" can be the modifiers of the subject and object in French; and "beauco" "beauco". Up''can be the subject in a sentence, while "peu" which means "very few" can not be the subject. There is obvious asymmetry between the two.
Five, Korean "(?)" and "(?)" in the semantic and syntactical function of the performance of symmetry and asymmetry. "A lot" of "(?)" in the sentence can act as a attributive and predicate, "(?)" in the sentence adverbial; "(?)" "(?)", "(?)" and "(?)" in the sentence can only be predicate, and "little" It can be seen that in Korean, the words related to "many" and "few" also show obvious asymmetry.
Six, from the semantic and syntactic functions of the Jianyang dialect of "how much" and "how much", "less" and "less", "how many" and "how few", we find that the words "a lot" and "few" in the dialect are "less, many, many" and "less, less, and less", and they can do predicates and attributive, not in the syntactic distribution. It shows asymmetry, but the position of the two stresses is asymmetrical. Finally, we also sum up the syntactical function of "a lot of less, more, more, more, less, and less" in Jianyang dialect with the syntactic function of Mandarin.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南昌大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：H314;H146
本文編號(hào)：2175304
[Abstract]:This paper is a cross language study of "many", "little" syntactic functions and their grammatical asymmetry, based on structural analysis of distribution, semantic and syntactic analysis, on the basis of description, to explain the internal causes of "many" and "few" asymmetries. Combining with explanation, this paper has a positive effect on teaching Chinese as a foreign language.
The full text mainly includes six parts:
First, it analyzes the symmetry and asymmetry of Chinese "many" and "few" from the semantic and syntactic functions. "Many" can act as subject, object, attributive, predicate, verb complement, adjective complement, and can modify quantifier, but can not modify the structure of "number. Quantity. Name"; "few" can only act as predicate, adverbial in sentence. And verb complement, and can modify the "number, quantity, noun" structure, but can not modify the quantifier.
Two, it makes an in-depth description of the asymmetry of "many" and "few" attributions, and explains it. All the "few" can not be the attributive of the subject before the verb, such as "few people", the structure is only the ellipsis of "few people", and the "very little" in the "little NP" before the verb is adverbial in the sentence. Non attributive, this and "a lot" of the subject of the subject modifier show obvious asymmetry; the "many" after the verb can also freely modify the noun or nominal structure, the "few" after the verb can still not be free to modify the noun or nominal structure, if the verb after the word "little" to be the object of the attributive, it must be Conditionally, they show obvious asymmetry.
Three, "many/few" and "much/little" in English also show symmetry and asymmetry, "many", "much" and "few" can be used as the attributive of the subject and the object, and "little" can only be the object of the object; the noun, the pronoun "many" can be the subject and the object, and the "few" in the sentence can only be the subject, both the two forms. Asymmetry, and "little" and "much" can act as the subject and object in the sentence, and there is no asymmetry in both; "little/much" can be adverbial in the sentence, and "few/many" does not have such use, which also shows the asymmetry between them. In addition, in English, except for "many" and "much". Not a little/quite alittle, not a few/quite a few, a (large) number. Good deal of, numerous, a large quantityof/large quantities of "and so on, and so on, through the investigation of the English Corpus CORPUS OFCONTEMPORARY AMERICAN, the above words can be used as attributive in the sentence, which is consistent with the situation of Chinese statistics, indicating that a large number of words tend to be attributive.
Four, in French, "a lot" of "beaucoup" and "little" "PEU" show symmetry and asymmetry in the semantic and syntactic functions. "Beaucoup'" and "PEU" can act as adverbials in the sentence; "beaucoup de" and "'peu de" can be the modifiers of the subject and object in French; and "beauco" "beauco". Up''can be the subject in a sentence, while "peu" which means "very few" can not be the subject. There is obvious asymmetry between the two.
Five, Korean "(?)" and "(?)" in the semantic and syntactical function of the performance of symmetry and asymmetry. "A lot" of "(?)" in the sentence can act as a attributive and predicate, "(?)" in the sentence adverbial; "(?)" "(?)", "(?)" and "(?)" in the sentence can only be predicate, and "little" It can be seen that in Korean, the words related to "many" and "few" also show obvious asymmetry.
Six, from the semantic and syntactic functions of the Jianyang dialect of "how much" and "how much", "less" and "less", "how many" and "how few", we find that the words "a lot" and "few" in the dialect are "less, many, many" and "less, less, and less", and they can do predicates and attributive, not in the syntactic distribution. It shows asymmetry, but the position of the two stresses is asymmetrical. Finally, we also sum up the syntactical function of "a lot of less, more, more, more, less, and less" in Jianyang dialect with the syntactic function of Mandarin.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南昌大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：H314;H146
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前4條
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本文編號(hào)：2175304
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