【摘要】：水稻育苗過程中需要大量的育秧土,每年育苗環(huán)節(jié)都會對良田造成嚴重的破壞,隨著土資源的日益短缺,無土育秧基質的創(chuàng)新與優(yōu)化已經(jīng)成為水稻機械化栽培技術研究方向的熱點,育秧基質在秧苗生長過程中具有提供營養(yǎng)及調節(jié)生長環(huán)境作用,因此制備適合培育水稻秧苗的育秧基質是水稻栽培過程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)。本研究以秸稈有機肥、蚯蚓糞、酒糟和蛭石為原料制備滿足理化特性和育秧要求的育秧基質,最終達到優(yōu)化育秧基質制備工藝,進而為水稻育秧基質配制裝備研究提供工藝參考的目的。首先,在分析無土育秧國內外發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀的基礎上,提出目前育秧基質存在的問題,確定研究的內容和技術路線,明確育秧基質優(yōu)化的方法和優(yōu)化后應滿足的理化性質要求,并將水稻秸稈與牛糞按四種比例混合進行發(fā)酵試驗,制備出秸稈有機肥。其次,以四種不同配比的秸稈有機肥和蚯蚓糞作為育秧基質的主要原料,酒糟和蛭石為輔料,按照配方試驗-單純形重心法確定的試驗方案進行育秧試驗,采用隸屬函數(shù)值法評價秧苗素質,以秧苗綜合素質為目標函數(shù),育秧基質原料配比為影響因素,建立四組各原料含量與秧苗綜合素質的理論數(shù)學模型。再次,在軟件MATLAB中對建立的四組回歸方程進行單因素及交互作用分析,并且利用規(guī)劃求解方法對目標函數(shù)進行優(yōu)化,得出分別針對四種秸稈有機肥的最優(yōu)配比參數(shù)組合。最后進行驗證試驗,通過對四組育秧基質的理化性質和所培育秧苗綜合素質進行分析,明確水稻育秧基質的最佳制備工藝。試驗結果表明,水稻育秧基質最佳制備工藝為:秸稈與牛糞按體積比3:2發(fā)酵的秸稈有機肥D(41%)、酒糟(20%)、蚯蚓糞(19%)、蛭石(20%)。最佳配比育秧基質所培育秧苗綜合素質滿足水稻秧苗育秧要求,與常規(guī)育秧土育秧效果相比,株高增高2.19cm、莖粗增加1.63mm/10株、根長增長5.44cm、根數(shù)增多1.2根、根干重增加1.82g/百株、苗干重增加0.74g/百株。此研究驗證了水稻秸稈育秧基質代替常規(guī)育秧土的可行性,有效解決了水稻生產(chǎn)過程中取土難、農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物對環(huán)境污染破壞嚴重的問題,提高了育秧質量、實現(xiàn)了資源的循環(huán)再利用,為進一步研制配套裝備提供了理論支持。
[Abstract]:In the process of rice seedling raising, a great deal of soil is needed for raising seedlings, and every year, the seedling cultivation will cause serious damage to the good field. With the increasing shortage of soil resources, The innovation and optimization of soilless seedling substrate has become a hot spot in the research of rice mechanized cultivation technology. The substrate has the function of providing nutrition and regulating the growth environment in the process of seedling growth. Therefore, it is an important link in the process of rice cultivation to prepare the seedling substrate suitable for rice seedling cultivation. In this study, straw organic fertilizer, earthworm manure, distiller's grains and vermiculite were used as raw materials to prepare the substrate to meet the requirements of physical and chemical properties and seedling raising. The purpose of this paper is to provide technical reference for the preparation equipment of rice seedling substrate. First of all, on the basis of analyzing the present development situation of soilless seedling raising at home and abroad, this paper puts forward the existing problems of seedling raising substrate at present, determines the research content and technical route, and clarifies the methods of seedling raising substrate optimization and the physical and chemical properties requirements that should be satisfied after the optimization. The rice straw and cow dung were mixed in four proportions to produce straw organic fertilizer. Secondly, four kinds of straw organic fertilizer and earthworm manure were used as the main raw materials for raising seedlings, and distiller's grains and vermiculite were used as auxiliary materials, and the seedling raising test was carried out according to the formula test and the test scheme determined by simplex gravity method. The quality of seedling was evaluated by the method of membership function. Taking the comprehensive quality of seedling as the objective function and the proportion of raw material for raising seedling as the influence factor, the theoretical mathematical model of the content of four groups of raw materials and the comprehensive quality of seedling was established. Thirdly, the four regression equations were analyzed by single factor and interaction in the software MATLAB, and the objective function was optimized by programming solution method, and the optimal proportion parameters of four kinds of straw organic fertilizer were obtained. Finally, through the analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the four groups of seedling substrates and the comprehensive qualities of the seedlings cultivated, the optimum preparation technology of the rice seedling substrate was determined. The results showed that the optimum preparation technology of rice seedling substrate was as follows: straw organic fertilizer D (41%), distiller's grains (20%), earthworm manure (19%) and vermiculite (20%) fermented at 3:2 by volume ratio of straw and cow dung. The comprehensive quality of the seedling raised by the optimum proportion of seedling raising medium could meet the requirement of rice seedling raising. Compared with the conventional raising seedling soil, the plant height increased 2.19 cm, stem diameter increased 1.63mm/10 plant, root length increased 5.44 cm, root number increased 1.2 roots, root dry weight increased 1.82g/ 100 plants. The dry weight of seedlings increased by 100 0.74g/ plants. This study verified the feasibility of rice straw seedling raising substrate instead of conventional seedling raising soil, effectively solved the problem that it is difficult to take soil in the process of rice production, seriously damaged the environment caused by agricultural waste, and improved the quality of seedling raising. The recycling of resources is realized, which provides theoretical support for the further development of supporting equipment.
【學位授予單位】：黑龍江八一農(nóng)墾大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S511

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