【摘要】：水資源存在較大缺口、短期內(nèi)不可補給性及農(nóng)業(yè)對水資源的依賴性,決定農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水的必要性。立足地面灌溉,在不改變本當前灌水條件的前提下,對波涌灌溉、間隔交替波涌灌溉、間隔固定波涌灌溉3種波涌模式灌溉質(zhì)量及對小麥生長耗水特性的影響進行研究具有重要意義。試驗于2015年9月至2016年6月在山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學馬莊試驗田進行,以連續(xù)灌溉為對照,針對預設的3種波涌模式以連續(xù)灌溉為對照,每種灌溉處理設置三組重復。試驗采用濟麥22,在畦長120 m,畦寬1.5 m的畦田中進行灌溉試驗。試驗主要對灌溉參數(shù)、土壤含水量、小麥各生育期生長性狀等內(nèi)容進行統(tǒng)計分析,以連續(xù)灌溉為對照,考察3種不同模式的波涌灌溉灌溉質(zhì)量、生長性狀及耗水特性。主要試驗結(jié)論如下:1.與連續(xù)灌溉相比,普通波涌灌溉,間隔交替波涌灌溉二水灌溉組及三水灌溉組、間隔固定波涌灌溉灌溉組及不灌組,節(jié)水分別為17.5%、32.6%,32.6%;灌水均勻度提升10%以上,且有利于灌后2d存儲于考察土層內(nèi)灌溉水占該畦獲得總灌溉水的比例提高20%以上。2.灌后30 d,0~100 cm土層中,2~5 d內(nèi)土層水分高于灌前水平,連續(xù)灌溉處理消耗水量高于1.2倍各種模式的波涌灌溉處理;5~15 d連續(xù)灌溉處理消耗水量低于0.75倍各種模式的波涌灌溉處理;15~30 d連續(xù)灌溉處理耗水量低于0.9倍各模式波涌灌溉;表明各種模式的波涌灌溉能夠更好的為小麥提供生長所需的水量。3.灌溉對田間各土層含水量均勻度有所改善,但改善效果隨灌溉方式的不同有所差別。4.株高、葉面積、分蘗數(shù)、有效穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)受灌溉影響較大,波涌灌溉在各個生育期表現(xiàn)出較大優(yōu)勢,間隔交替波涌灌溉和間隔固定波供水涌灌溉次之。與連續(xù)灌溉相比,波涌灌溉增產(chǎn)30%,間隔交替波涌灌溉增產(chǎn)26%,間隔固定波涌灌溉增產(chǎn)17.5%。5.小麥播種期到返青期生長較為緩慢,起身期到抽穗開花期耗水最多,抽穗開花到成熟期次之。波涌灌溉、間隔交替波涌灌溉二水灌溉組及三水灌溉組、間隔固定波涌灌溉灌溉組及不灌組灌溉水分生產(chǎn)率是連續(xù)灌溉的1.6倍、1.9倍、1.8倍、1.8倍、1.7倍。各模式波涌灌溉水分利用效率是連續(xù)灌溉的1.5倍。3種模式的波涌灌溉具有良好的節(jié)水的效果,能夠有效提高灌溉質(zhì)量,改善灌溉均勻度和含水量均勻度,使灌溉水能夠盡量分布在較淺土層,長時間的為小麥提供水分,各模式的波涌灌溉增產(chǎn)效果顯著,有效提高單位灌溉水和單位水生產(chǎn)干物質(zhì)量,有效提高灌溉水分生產(chǎn)率和水分利用效率。
[Abstract]:The shortage of water resources and the dependence of agriculture on water resources in the short term determine the necessity of water saving in agriculture. Based on surface irrigation and without changing the current irrigation conditions, surge irrigation, alternate surge irrigation at intervals, It is of great significance to study the irrigation quality of three surge modes and its effect on the characteristics of wheat growth and water consumption. The experiment was carried out in Mazhuang Experimental Field of Shandong Agricultural University from September 2015 to June 2016. Continuous irrigation was used as the control, and continuous irrigation was used as the control for the three preset surge modes. Each irrigation treatment was repeated in three groups. The irrigation experiment was carried out in a border field with a length of 120 m and a width of 1.5 m. The parameters of irrigation, soil moisture content and growth characteristics of wheat at different growth stages were analyzed statistically. The quality, growth and water consumption characteristics of three different modes of surge irrigation were investigated by using continuous irrigation as control. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. Compared with continuous irrigation, the water saving of ordinary surge irrigation, interval alternate surge irrigation, two-water irrigation group and three-water irrigation group, interval fixed surge irrigation group and non-irrigation group, the water-saving rate was 17.50.32. 6% and the irrigation uniformity increased by more than 10%. Moreover, the proportion of irrigation water stored in the soil layer for 2 days after irrigation was increased by more than 20%. In the soil layer of 0 ~ 0 ~ 100 cm after 30 days of irrigation, the water content in the soil layer within 2 ~ 5 days was higher than that before irrigation. The water consumption of continuous irrigation treatment was more than 1.2 times that of surge irrigation treatment of various patterns, the water consumption of continuous irrigation treatment for 515 days was less than 0.75 times of that of various modes, and the water consumption of continuous irrigation treatment for 1530 days was less than 0.9 times of that of each mode. The results show that the surge irrigation of various models can provide better water supply for wheat growth. 3. The uniformity of soil water content was improved by irrigation, but the improvement effect was different with different irrigation methods. 4. Plant height, leaf area, tiller number, effective panicle number and grain number per panicle were greatly affected by irrigation. Surge irrigation had a great advantage in each growth period, followed by alternate intermittent surge irrigation and fixed interval water supply surge irrigation. Compared with continuous irrigation, surge irrigation increased 30%, alternate interval surge irrigation increased 26%, interval fixed surge irrigation increased 17.5.5. Wheat growing slowly from sowing stage to turning green stage, the water consumption from rising stage to heading flowering stage was the most, followed by heading flowering stage to mature stage. The water productivity was 1.6 times, 1.9 times, 1.8 times, 1.7 times as much as that of continuous irrigation in the two water irrigation group and the three water irrigation group, and the interval fixed surge irrigation group and the non-irrigation group were 1.6 times, 1.9 times, 1.8 times and 1.7 times of the continuous irrigation. The water use efficiency of surge irrigation was 1.5 times higher than that of continuous irrigation. The three modes of surge irrigation had good water-saving effect and could effectively improve the irrigation quality and the uniformity of irrigation and water content. The irrigation water can be distributed in the shallow soil layer as far as possible, providing water for wheat for a long time. The effect of surge irrigation in each mode is remarkable, and the dry matter quality of irrigation water per unit and per unit water is improved effectively. Effectively improve irrigation water productivity and water use efficiency.
【學位授予單位】：山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S275;S512.11

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