【摘要】：好氧堆肥是使畜禽糞便穩(wěn)定化以及資源化非常有效的方式,但是豬糞中殘留的抗生素以及重金屬是制約畜禽糞便資源化無害化的主要因素。因此如何有效地去除殘留的藥物和重金屬實研究的主要問題。本文以豬糞為原料,分別采用鋸末和稻殼作為調(diào)理劑,利用好氧堆肥中試規(guī)模處理畜禽糞便。研究金霉素的存在對堆肥進程、微生物以及不同形態(tài)重金屬的影響;研究了添加石灰對金霉素降解和重金屬不同形態(tài)變化的影響;此外借助光譜學(xué)手段分析堆肥過程中溶解性有機物質(zhì)的轉(zhuǎn)化。最終依照我國肥料標準對堆肥產(chǎn)品進行評價,為堆肥產(chǎn)品安全農(nóng)用提供依據(jù)。為了考察金霉素的存在對堆肥進程以及腐熟化的影響,共設(shè)計3組實驗:1#為不添加金霉素的空白對照組(T1);2#中添加10 mg·kg-1金霉素(T2);3#中添加50 mg·kg-1金霉素(T3)。通過實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),金霉素存在對堆體的溫度影響較大,結(jié)合堆肥過程中微生物酶活性的變化發(fā)現(xiàn),金霉素的存在對微生物的過氧化氫酶、蛋白酶、脲酶、纖維素酶以及蔗糖酶的活性普遍存在抑制情況,使得高溫期的最高溫度受到影響。隨著堆肥反應(yīng)的進行,金霉素抑制性減弱微生物活性逐漸恢復(fù),堆肥后期T3組溫度維持在一個較高的水平。由于金霉素的存在抑制微生物活性,使其對后期微生物利用DOC、DON的速率較低;通過傅里葉紅外光譜分析發(fā)現(xiàn),堆肥處理使得碳水化合物以及脂肪族化合物的含量降低,而纖維素半纖維素的變化不大。利用EEM譜圖可以清晰反應(yīng)堆肥過程中溶解性有機物質(zhì)的轉(zhuǎn)化,利用FRI方法分析發(fā)現(xiàn)堆肥初期腐殖酸類物質(zhì)以及富里酸類物質(zhì)逐漸增加,最終表征蛋白類及微生物代謝產(chǎn)物的PI,n、PII,n和PIV,n顯著降低。在添加石灰的情況下,探究了石灰的存在對堆肥進程的影響。通過實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)石灰的添加有利于促進堆體溫度的升高,同時對堆肥初始的pH可以起到很好的調(diào)節(jié)作用。石灰的存在對過氧化氫酶的活性影響不是十分明顯,但有利于提高蛋白酶的活性,對脲酶和纖維素酶活性更有較為明顯的促進作用�？偟膩碚f,石灰的存在對堆肥中微生物的酶活性起到一定程度的促進作用,有利于微生物的生命活動,從而加快堆肥進程。通過熒光光譜結(jié)合熒光區(qū)域積分方法分析發(fā)現(xiàn)添加了石灰的實驗組,其PⅢ,n和PV,n比例較T1組更高。由此看出,石灰對有機質(zhì)降解和加快腐熟化進程有一定的促進作用。為了研究堆肥工藝對金霉素的去除和重金屬的鈍化效果,對堆肥過程中金霉素和重金屬的變化進行了分析。通過實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),堆肥過程可以有效的去除豬糞中殘留的金霉素。第一批次中最終對照組沒有檢測出金霉素,T2組和T3組堆肥處理中金霉素降解率達到96.31%、97.32%。,仍檢測到有少量的殘余。為了探究石灰對金霉素降解和重金屬鈍化的作用,在第二批次中進行了添加石灰的對比。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),石灰的添加有利于促進金霉素的降解,添加石灰的實驗組半衰期更短。通過對堆肥過程中重金屬形態(tài)變化的分析發(fā)現(xiàn),金霉素的降解和堆肥過程中生物可利用態(tài)Cu和Zn的相互作用,兩者之間呈現(xiàn)明顯的正相關(guān)性。通過第二批次的實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)石灰的添加有利于促進重金屬Zn的固化,但是對重金屬Cu的作用效果不是十分明顯。石灰存在有利于加快金霉素降解,T2組半衰期更短。
[Abstract]:Aerobic composting is a very effective way to stabilize and recycle animal manure, but the antibiotics and heavy metals in pig manure are the main factors that restrict the harmless recycling of animal manure. The effects of chlortetracycline on composting process, microorganisms and heavy metals in different forms were studied. The effects of lime addition on the degradation of chlortetracycline and the changes of heavy metals in different forms were also studied. In order to investigate the effect of chlortetracycline on composting process and decomposition, three groups of experiments were designed: 1 # was the blank control group without chlortetracycline (T1), 2 # was added with 10 mg kg - 1 chlortetracycline (T2), and 3 # was added with chlortetracycline (T2). Chlortetracycline (T3) was added to the compost. The results showed that the presence of chlortetracycline had a great effect on the temperature of the compost. Combined with the changes of microbial enzyme activities during composting, it was found that the presence of chlortetracycline inhibited the activities of hydrogen peroxidase, protease, urease, cellulase and sucrase of microorganisms, which made the high temperature period the most important. With the composting reaction proceeding, the inhibitory activity of chlortetracycline decreased and the microbial activity gradually recovered, and the temperature of group T3 remained at a higher level in the later stage of composting. Fertilizer treatment reduced the content of carbohydrates and aliphatic compounds, but the change of cellulose hemicellulose was not significant. EEM spectra could clearly show the transformation of dissolved organic matter in the process of composting. FRI analysis showed that humic acids and fulvic acids increased gradually in the early stage of composting, and ultimately characterize eggs. The contents of PI, PII, PII, N and PIV, N of white and microbial metabolites decreased significantly. The effect of lime on composting process was studied with the addition of lime. It was found that the addition of lime could promote the temperature of compost and regulate the initial pH of compost. Hydrogenase activity is not very obvious, but is conducive to improving the activity of protease, urease and cellulase activity is more promotive. Generally speaking, the existence of lime on the compost of microbial enzyme activities play a certain role in promoting, conducive to microbial life activities, thus speeding up the composting process. The results showed that the proportion of P III, N, P V and N in the Lime-Added group was higher than that in the T1 group. It was found that lime could promote the degradation of organic matter and accelerate the process of decomposition. In the first batch, no aureomycin was detected in the final control group. The degradation rate of aureomycin in the T2 and T3 groups was 96.31% and 97.32%. A small amount of residual aureomycin was still detected. In order to explore the lime. The degradation of chlortetracycline and the passivation of heavy metals were compared in the second batch. It was found that the addition of lime could promote the degradation of chlortetracycline, and the half-life of the experimental group was shorter. Through the second batch of experiments, it was found that the addition of lime could promote the solidification of heavy metal Zn, but the effect on heavy metal Cu was not very obvious.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S141.4

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