【摘要】：我國(guó)的羅非魚養(yǎng)殖生產(chǎn)以靜水、不排污的池塘養(yǎng)殖為主,魚類的活動(dòng)、攝食、排泄都在同一池塘中進(jìn)行。由于養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境和自身生活習(xí)性等原因,羅非魚體內(nèi)易積累較強(qiáng)的土腥味而不被消費(fèi)者接受,從而阻礙了羅非魚養(yǎng)殖和加工的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。水體中大多數(shù)土腥味問題由藍(lán)藻造成的,尤其是在富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化養(yǎng)殖池塘中。養(yǎng)殖生物糞便和殘餌排入水體中,導(dǎo)致水中營(yíng)養(yǎng)物濃度增大,這為產(chǎn)生異味的藍(lán)藻生長(zhǎng)提供條件。所以控制池塘養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)成為關(guān)鍵。底排污技術(shù)可以排除池底的殘餌糞便,從源頭降低水中營(yíng)養(yǎng)濃度。水生植物常用于吸收池塘中的無(wú)機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽,從而限制浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)。因此,本論文于2015年通過在廣東和海南實(shí)地采樣初步判斷不同系統(tǒng)對(duì)羅非魚肌肉異味物質(zhì)含量的影響,然后于2016年通過模擬化養(yǎng)殖,運(yùn)用底排污和“魚菜共生”技術(shù)的整合驗(yàn)證分析其對(duì)羅非魚養(yǎng)殖的水質(zhì)、產(chǎn)出效果及土腥味物質(zhì)含量的影響,以探究不同養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)對(duì)降低羅非魚肉中異味物質(zhì)含量的可行性,從而為優(yōu)化羅非魚的養(yǎng)殖模式提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1.采用微波蒸餾-吹掃捕集-氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用方法分析羅非魚肉中主要的土腥味物質(zhì)——土臭素(geosmin,GSM)和二甲基異莰醇(2-methylisoborneol,2-MIB),優(yōu)化了測(cè)定其含量的微波蒸餾功率、微波蒸餾時(shí)間以及吹掃捕集條件等參數(shù)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):在微波功率560W(儀器額定功率的70%)、微波時(shí)間5min、分流比3:1、吹掃時(shí)間11min、吹掃溫度75℃、含鹽量20%條件下,土臭素和2-甲基異莰醇的檢測(cè)限分別達(dá)到了2.89ng/L和2.28ng/L,均在0.05-20μg/L范圍內(nèi)呈較好的線性關(guān)系,相關(guān)系數(shù)r分別為0.9980和0.9985,回收率在81-112%之間,RSD范圍在1.8%-12.9%。說明該方法具有較高的精確度。2.為初步判斷不同羅非魚養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)下水體和羅非魚肌肉中異味物質(zhì)含量的變化,本研究于2015年5月、6月和7月,對(duì)我國(guó)廣東茂名和海南文昌地區(qū)4家有底部排污和“魚菜共生”養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)的羅非魚進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)采樣,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):與對(duì)照相比,廣東茂名地區(qū)和海南文昌地區(qū)不同養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)會(huì)對(duì)水體和羅非魚肌肉中異味物質(zhì)含量造成影響,配備底排污系統(tǒng)和魚菜共生系統(tǒng)的池塘異味含量顯著低于對(duì)照組(P0.05)。3.為了驗(yàn)證不同羅非魚養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)下水體和羅非魚肌肉中異味物質(zhì)含量變化,本研究于2016年6月、7月和8月期間,對(duì)不同養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)的水質(zhì)變化、羅非魚產(chǎn)出效果及養(yǎng)殖水體和羅非魚肌肉異味物質(zhì)含量變化比較研究。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):對(duì)照組、魚菜共生系統(tǒng)、底排污系統(tǒng)、底排污-魚菜共生系統(tǒng)四種養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)下,以魚菜共生系統(tǒng)、底排污-魚菜共生系統(tǒng)羅非魚產(chǎn)量最高,分別為4.31±0.13kg/m3和4.14±0.09kg/m3,顯著高于對(duì)照組以及底排污系統(tǒng)(P0.05)。底排污-魚菜共生雙系統(tǒng)對(duì)水體的水質(zhì)情況改善良好,氨氮和亞硝酸含量都在較低的水平(分別為0.64±0.06mg/L和0.086±0.005mg/L),而底排污系統(tǒng)與魚菜共生系統(tǒng)單獨(dú)對(duì)水質(zhì)并無(wú)明顯改變(P0.05)。而養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)的不同對(duì)水體內(nèi)的異味物質(zhì)含量造成影響,配備底排污系統(tǒng)或者魚菜共生系統(tǒng)的池塘水體異味物質(zhì)含量明顯低于對(duì)照組(P0.05)。此外,養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)的不同影響了羅非魚魚肉中異味物質(zhì)的含量,且底排污-魚菜共生雙系統(tǒng)作用更明顯:對(duì)照組羅非魚肌肉中2-MIB和GSM最高達(dá)到0.67±0.022μg/kg和0.87±0.018μg/kg,達(dá)到了人體感官閾值水平;而雙系統(tǒng)羅非魚肌肉中2-MIB和GSM最高為0.31±0.02μg/kg和0.53±0.042μg/kg,在各時(shí)期均低于另外三組的異味物質(zhì)含量。
[Abstract]:Tilapia culture and production in China are mainly carried out in still water and non-polluted ponds. Fish activities, feeding and excretion are all carried out in the same pond. Most of the foul smells in the water are caused by cyanobacteria, especially in eutrophic ponds. The nutrient concentration in the water increases when the manure and bait of cultured organisms are discharged into the pond, which provides the conditions for the growth of odorous cyanobacteria. Therefore, controlling nutrient supply in the pond is the key. Bottom drainage technology can eliminate the bottom of the pond. Aquatic plants are often used to absorb inorganic nutrients in ponds, thereby limiting the growth of phytoplankton. Therefore, in this paper, the effects of different systems on muscle odor content of tilapia were preliminarily determined by field sampling in Guangdong and Hainan in 2015, and then simulated in 2016. In order to explore the feasibility of different culture systems to reduce the content of odor substances in Tilapia meat and provide scientific basis for optimizing tilapia culture mode, the effects of bottom sewage and fish-vegetable symbiosis on Tilapia aquaculture water quality, yield and the content of odor substances were analyzed. The results are as follows: 1. Microwave distillation-purge-trap-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the main odor compounds in tilapia meat, including Geosmin (GSM) and dimethylisoborneol (2-MIB). The power of microwave distillation, time of microwave distillation and purge-trap conditions were optimized. The results showed that under the conditions of 560 W microwave power (70% of the rated power of the instrument), 5 min microwave time, 3:1 shunt ratio, 11 min sweeping time, 75 C sweeping temperature and 20% salt content, the detection limits of soil odor and 2-methylisocamptol reached 2.89ng/L and 2.28ng/L respectively, and the correlation coefficients were 0.05-20 ng/L, respectively. 9980 and 0.9985, with recoveries ranging from 81% to 112% and RSD ranging from 1.8% to 12.9%. This method has high accuracy. 2. In order to preliminarily determine the variation of odor content in water and muscle of tilapia under different tilapia culture systems, the bottom discharges were made in May, June and July, 2015 in Maoming, Guangdong Province and Wenchang, Hainan Province. The results showed that different culture systems in Maoming, Guangdong and Wenchang, Hainan, affected the content of odor substances in water and muscle of tilapia, and the content of odor in ponds equipped with bottom sewage system and fish-vegetable symbiosis system was significantly lower than that in control. In order to verify the changes of odor substances in water and muscle of tilapia under different tilapia culture systems, the water quality changes, tilapia production effects, and the contents of odor substances in cultured water and muscle of tilapia were compared between June, July and August, 2016. The yield of tilapia in fish-vegetable symbiosis system, bottom sewage system and bottom sewage-fish-vegetable symbiosis system was the highest, which were 4.31 (+ 0.13kg/m3) and 4.14 (+ 0.09kg/m3) respectively, significantly higher than that in the control group and bottom sewage system (P 0.05). The yield of tilapia in bottom sewage-fish-vegetable symbiosis system and bottom sewage-fish-vegetable symbiosis system was the highest. The ammonia nitrogen and nitrite contents were low (0.64 The content of odor substances in the pond water of the living system was significantly lower than that of the control group (P 0.05). In addition, the different culture systems affected the content of odor substances in the meat of tilapia, and the effect of the bottom sewage-fish-vegetable symbiosis system was more obvious. The highest level of 2-MIB and GSM in the muscle of tilapia in the control group was 0.67+0.022 ug/kg and 0.87+0.018 ug/kg, reaching human level. The highest levels of 2-MIB and GSM in the muscle of two-system tilapia were 0.31 (+ 0.02) and 0.53 (+ 0.042) ug/kg, which were lower than those of the other three groups at all stages.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S965.125;TS254.1

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