【摘要】：武川縣地處內(nèi)蒙古陰山北麓,是內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)馬鈴薯的主產(chǎn)區(qū)之一,滴灌是這一地區(qū)主要的灌溉模式。近年來(lái),該地區(qū)與全國(guó)其他糧食種植區(qū)相似,農(nóng)民為了追求高產(chǎn),灌溉方式粗放,造成當(dāng)?shù)赜邢薜叵滤Y源的極端浪費(fèi)。灌溉量的加大,不僅使地下水位急速下降,而且隨著氮肥用量的增加,多余的氮素被淋溶到地下,造成了地下水資源的硝酸鹽污染,嚴(yán)重響了農(nóng)牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)。本研究通過(guò)土柱模擬試驗(yàn)的方法來(lái)研究水氮條件對(duì)馬鈴薯田氮平衡的影響,主要對(duì)比農(nóng)民常規(guī)灌溉、優(yōu)化灌溉,和農(nóng)民習(xí)慣施氮、優(yōu)化施氮,以及不同的氮肥品種對(duì)馬鈴薯田氮平衡的影響,旨在為這一地區(qū)農(nóng)戶(hù)選擇氮肥品種及合理灌溉與施氮提供理論依據(jù)。取得的主要結(jié)果如下:1.本試驗(yàn)中,尿素添加生物炭處理馬鈴薯植株平均生物量最大,尿素處理最低。2.土柱模擬試驗(yàn)中,0-30 cm 土壤不同處理下馬鈴薯收獲后土壤中無(wú)機(jī)氮的平均殘留量變化范圍為18.1～21.3 mg,無(wú)顯著差異。3.研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相同施氮量,灌溉量越大,無(wú)機(jī)氮平均淋失量越多;相同灌溉量,施氮量越多,無(wú)機(jī)氮平均淋失量越大。農(nóng)民習(xí)慣處理水氮條件下,無(wú)機(jī)氮平均淋失量最高,平均每個(gè)土柱無(wú)機(jī)氮淋失42 mg,折合每公頃淋失無(wú)機(jī)氮44 kg;優(yōu)化水氮處理?xiàng)l件下,平均每個(gè)土柱無(wú)機(jī)氮淋失14 mg,折合每公頃淋失無(wú)機(jī)氮15 kg,無(wú)機(jī)氮平均淋失量最低。4.分析土柱不同氮肥處理馬鈴薯田氮平衡情況,脲酶抑制劑有效抑制了氮淋失,減少了氮素淋失;尿素添加生物炭有效減緩?fù)寥乐械亓苁?樹(shù)脂包膜尿素、硫加樹(shù)脂包膜尿素處理氮肥為一次性基施,這兩種處理氮淋失較高。5.整體來(lái)看,在土柱中不同的灌溉和施氮處理下,尿素添加脲酶抑制劑處理平均表觀(guān)氮平衡量最小,尿素加生物炭處理平均表觀(guān)氮平衡量也較小。尿素添加脲酶抑制劑和生物炭處理能提高氮肥利用效率,減少氮素淋失,從而降低氮肥施用的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
[Abstract]:Wuchuan County is located at the northern foot of Yinshan Mountain in Inner Mongolia and is one of the main producing areas of potato in Inner Mongolia Autonomous region. Drip irrigation is the main irrigation mode in this area. In recent years, this area is similar to other grain growing areas in China. In order to pursue high yield and extensive irrigation methods, farmers have caused extreme waste of local limited groundwater resources. With the increase of irrigation amount, not only the groundwater level drops rapidly, but also with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer, the excess nitrogen is leached to the ground, which results in nitrate pollution of groundwater resources and serious agricultural and animal husbandry production. In this study, the effects of water and nitrogen conditions on nitrogen balance in potato fields were studied by means of soil column simulation test. The effects of water and nitrogen conditions on the nitrogen balance in potato fields were studied, mainly comparing with farmers' conventional irrigation, optimizing irrigation, and farmers' habit of applying nitrogen, optimizing the application of nitrogen. The effects of different nitrogen fertilizer varieties on the nitrogen balance in potato fields were also discussed in order to provide theoretical basis for the farmers to choose nitrogen fertilizer varieties and reasonable irrigation and nitrogen application in this area. The main results are as follows: 1. In this experiment, the average biomass of potato plants was the largest in urea treatment and the lowest in urea treatment. In the soil column simulation experiment, the average residual amount of inorganic nitrogen in potato soil after harvest was 18.1g ~ 21.3 mg under different treatments in 0-30 cm soil, and there was no significant difference. 3. It was found that the greater the amount of irrigation, the greater the average leaching loss of inorganic nitrogen, and the greater the amount of nitrogen applied at the same irrigation rate, the greater the average leaching loss of inorganic nitrogen. The average leaching amount of inorganic nitrogen was the highest under the condition of farmers' habit of treating water and nitrogen, and the average leaching loss of inorganic nitrogen per soil column was 42 mg, which was equivalent to 44 kg per hectare of leaching, and under the optimized conditions of water and nitrogen treatment, the loss of inorganic nitrogen was 44 kg per hectare. The average leaching loss of inorganic nitrogen per soil column was 14 mg, which was equivalent to 15 kg of inorganic nitrogen per hectare, and the average leaching amount of inorganic nitrogen was the lowest. According to the analysis of nitrogen balance in potato field treated with different nitrogen fertilizer in soil column, urease inhibitor effectively inhibited nitrogen leaching loss and reduced nitrogen leaching loss; urea added biological carbon effectively alleviated nitrogen leaching loss in soil; resin coated urea; The nitrogen leaching loss of the two treatments was higher than that of the other two treatments, and the nitrogen fertilizer treated by sulfur resin coated urea was a one-time basal fertilizer, and the nitrogen leaching loss of the two treatments was higher. As a whole, under different irrigation and nitrogen application treatments in soil column, the average apparent nitrogen level measurement of urea plus urease inhibitor treatment was the smallest, and the average apparent nitrogen level measurement of urea plus biochar treatment was also smaller. Urea treatment with urease inhibitor and biochar could improve nitrogen utilization efficiency and reduce nitrogen leaching loss, thus reducing the environmental risk of nitrogen application.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S532

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