本文選題：融雪侵蝕 + 輝發(fā)河流域�。� 參考：《沈陽(yáng)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：為研究坡面與流域尺度融雪侵蝕特征,選取吉林省吉興小流域內(nèi)坡耕地,對(duì)積雪屬性、土壤因子、徑流泥沙進(jìn)行原位觀測(cè),通過(guò)分析融雪過(guò)程中徑流量及含沙量的變化,雪水當(dāng)量、土壤解凍深度等指標(biāo)對(duì)融雪侵蝕的影響,探討坡面尺度融雪侵蝕過(guò)程及變化規(guī)律。同時(shí)選取五道溝水文站對(duì)流域尺度融雪期水文及侵蝕特征進(jìn)行分析,通過(guò)兩個(gè)尺度的對(duì)比分析,初步探究不同尺度下融雪侵蝕過(guò)程特征及聯(lián)系。研究結(jié)果可為多尺度融雪侵蝕機(jī)理提供一定的科學(xué)理論支持,為融雪侵蝕的預(yù)報(bào)與防治奠定基礎(chǔ)。本研究得出以下主要結(jié)論:(1)坡面上積雪屬性的時(shí)空變化具有規(guī)律性。時(shí)間上積雪深度的均方根差先增加后減少,積雪密度均方根差呈先增大后減小的趨勢(shì),液態(tài)含水量的變化復(fù)雜且不穩(wěn)定,融雪過(guò)程中總體呈現(xiàn)為隨著積雪的深度減少,液態(tài)含水量增加,密度逐漸降低�？臻g上積雪多集中分布在試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)的西南部,積雪密度沿南北方向初始呈遞增末期遞減,東西方向呈遞減趨勢(shì),液態(tài)含水量在南北方向變化趨勢(shì)不明顯,東西方向呈遞減的趨勢(shì)。地形因子對(duì)于積雪屬性參數(shù)的影響程度由大到小依次為積雪深度、液態(tài)含水量、積雪密度。正積溫和積雪密度、液態(tài)含水量的變化趨勢(shì)近似,均是先增加后減少再增加的趨勢(shì)。(2)坡面融雪侵蝕過(guò)程歷時(shí)6天較為集中,初期融雪產(chǎn)流,徑流量占總徑流量的59.15%;中期積雪融化穩(wěn)定,土壤表層開(kāi)始解凍,徑流減少含沙量增加,侵蝕量達(dá)到最大占總侵蝕量的41.74%;末期融雪產(chǎn)流停止,土壤解凍深度增加,含沙量達(dá)到最大為8.00kg/m3。侵蝕特征表現(xiàn)為融雪初期主要產(chǎn)流,中期與末期侵蝕產(chǎn)沙,徑流量與含沙量變化趨勢(shì)相似均為先增加后減少。融雪徑流泥沙滯后關(guān)系的復(fù)雜性受徑流泥沙峰值出現(xiàn)頻次的影響,當(dāng)頻次一致時(shí),徑流—泥沙呈"8"字循環(huán)滯后關(guān)系;當(dāng)頻次有差異時(shí),徑流—泥沙呈復(fù)式循滯后關(guān)系。融雪徑流泥沙之間的滯后關(guān)系說(shuō)明坡耕地融雪侵蝕明顯受壟作區(qū)域與集水洼地的地形變化影響。徑流的來(lái)源依次為積雪融化、壟溝內(nèi)冰層融化和土壤液態(tài)水,同時(shí)洼地兩側(cè)坡面侵蝕過(guò)程亦不同步。(3)坡面融雪侵蝕過(guò)程中,融雪徑流及表層土壤解凍深度是影響融雪侵蝕的主要因素,雪水當(dāng)量在融雪過(guò)程中呈先減少后增加的趨勢(shì)。積雪由坡上部位向坡下融化,雪水當(dāng)量的空間異質(zhì)性變化使融雪徑流來(lái)源隨之發(fā)生改變。本研究中16日融雪徑流徑流來(lái)自于坡上、坡下部位;17日徑流來(lái)自于坡上、坡中、坡下部位;18日、19日融雪徑流來(lái)自于坡中、坡下部位。土壤解凍深在坡面上空間異質(zhì)性較均一。隨著積雪消融,土壤解凍深度變化較為復(fù)雜并且受融雪水分遷移的影響,解凍深度在坡中部位變化最為劇烈,坡上、坡下次之,且與泥沙含量呈正相關(guān)。(4)流域尺度上,融雪期年平均徑流量與含沙量年際變化相對(duì)年徑流量波動(dòng)更加劇烈,但離散程度相對(duì)年徑流量集中,多年平均融雪徑流約為徑流的14.18%,多年融雪期含沙量占含沙量的18.68%。在少水少沙年、平水平沙年、多水多沙年,融雪徑流所占全年比例分別為22.67%、7.23%、23.08%。梅河口站2015年相當(dāng)于五道溝站的平沙平水年,其融雪侵蝕過(guò)程與1971年近似。(5)對(duì)比坡面尺度與流域尺度融雪侵蝕過(guò)程,坡面融雪侵蝕過(guò)程相對(duì)流域持續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),發(fā)生時(shí)間相近,且坡面的融雪徑流深與侵蝕模數(shù)相對(duì)五道溝站較小。根據(jù)泥沙含量的滯后關(guān)系,融雪侵蝕在泥沙來(lái)源的變化方面,坡面與流域過(guò)程相似。
[Abstract]:In order to study the snowmelt erosion characteristics of slope and river basin scale, the insitu observation of snow attribute, soil factor and runoff and sediment in Jilin Jixing small watershed was selected, and the effects of the changes of runoff and sediment concentration, snow water equivalent and the depth of soil thawing on snow melting were analyzed, and the snow melting of slope surface was discussed. At the same time, the hydrological and erosion characteristics of the five ditu hydrological stations were analyzed, and the characteristics and relations of snow melting erosion process under different scales were preliminarily explored through the comparison and analysis of two scales. The results could provide some scientific theoretical support for the mechanism of multi-scale snow melting and snow melting. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the spatial and temporal variation of snow property on the slope is regular. The root mean square difference of the snow depth increases first and then decreases, the mean square root difference of snow density increases first and then decreases, the change of liquid water content is complex and unstable, and the total snow melting process is general. As the depth of snow decreased, the liquid water content increased and the density gradually decreased. The snow density in the space was concentrated in the southwest of the test field. The snow density decreased in the beginning of the north and the south, the East and west direction decreased, the trend of liquid water content was not obvious in the north and the south, and the direction of the East and the West decreased. The influence degree of terrain factors on snow attribute parameters from large to small is snow depth, liquid water content, snow density, positive accumulated temperature and snow density, and the trend of the change of liquid water content is similar. (2) the erosion process of snow melting over 6 days is more concentrated, early snowmelt and runoff The amount accounts for 59.15% of the total runoff, the soil surface begins to thaw, the soil surface begins to thaw, the runoff reduces the sediment content and the erosion amount reaches 41.74% of the total erosion. The end of the snowmelt flow is stopped, the depth of the soil thawing is increased, the maximum sediment content is 8.00kg/m3., which is the main runoff in the early stage of snow melting. The variation trend of runoff and sediment yield is the first increase and then decrease. The complexity of the hysteresis relationship of the snowmelt runoff is affected by the frequency of runoff and sediment peak. When the frequency is consistent, the runoff and sediment is "8" cycle lag relationship; when the frequency is different, the runoff and sediment show the complex hysteresis relationship. The lagging relationship between sediment shows that snow melting erosion in sloping farmland is obviously affected by topographic changes in the ridge area and the pool area. The source of runoff is the melting of snow, the melting of the ice in the ridge and the liquid water in the soil, and the erosion process on the sides of the slope on both sides of the depressions is also not synchronized. (3) the snow melting runoff and the surface soil solution during the snowmelt erosion process of the slope surface. The freezing depth is the main factor affecting the snowmelt erosion, and the snow water equivalent decreases first and then increases in the snow melting process. The snow melt from the slope to the slope, and the spatial heterogeneity of the snow water equivalent changes the source of the snowmelt runoff. In the 16 day of this study, the snowmelt runoff comes from the slope, the lower part of the slope, and the 17 day runoff. On the slope, slope and lower slope, the snowmelt runoff from 18 days and 19 days comes from the slope and below the slope. The soil thawing depth is more homogeneous on the slope. With the melting of snow, the depth changes of the soil thawing are more complex and affected by the migration of snow water, the thawing depth is the most intense in the slope, and the next, slope, slope, and the next. There is a positive correlation with the content of sediment. (4) the annual mean runoff and sediment concentration in the snow melting period are more intense than the annual runoff, but the relative annual runoff concentration is concentrated, and the average snowmelt runoff is about 14.18% of the runoff for many years. The 18.68%. in the years of snow melting during the snowmelt period is in the year of less water and less sand and horizontal sand. The annual ratio of snowmelt runoff accounted for 22.67% and 7.23%, respectively, in the year of 23.08%. in Meihekou Railway Station in 2015, which was similar to 1971. The snowmelt erosion process was similar to that in 1971. (5) the snowmelt erosion process was compared with the slope surface scale and the basin scale, and the snow melting erosion process was relatively long and the time lasted for a long time. According to the lag relation of sediment content, the slope surface is similar to the basin process according to the lag relation of sediment content.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：沈陽(yáng)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S157.1

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