本文選題：烤煙 + 玄參�。� 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：煙草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)和中藥材作物川明參(Chuanminshen violaceum Sheh et Sha)、玄參(Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsley)都是重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,在我國西南地區(qū)廣泛種植,所適宜的生態(tài)條件相近似,但三種作物都表現(xiàn)不同程度的自毒作用,忌連作,采用特定的“藥煙”輪(間)作模式種植,或許可以避免各自連作造成的產(chǎn)質(zhì)量降低等連作障礙現(xiàn)象,使藥煙生產(chǎn)相得益彰。本文以烤煙和中草藥作物玄參、川明參為對象,采用室內(nèi)模擬試驗研究了玄參、川明參的莖葉枯落物水浸提液對烤煙的種子萌發(fā)和烤煙幼苗生長的化感效應(yīng),采用田間試驗研究了大田條件下烤煙輪作川明參、烤煙間作玄參種植模式下烤煙的生長、產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)值、土壤養(yǎng)分,以及土壤水分、入滲性能,以期揭示烤煙與玄參、川明參輪(間)作的效應(yīng),為煙藥輪(間)種植提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。主要結(jié)果如下:1.川明參水浸液對烤煙具有一定化感促進(jìn)效應(yīng),從烤煙種子發(fā)芽實驗看,川明參與烤煙輪作可能有益于烤煙。玄參水浸液對烤煙種子具有一定“低促高抑”的化感效應(yīng),按大田玄參畝產(chǎn)1500kg生物產(chǎn)量估算,即使莖葉完全還田,土壤中玄參莖葉僅達(dá)1%,即在本文水浸液低濃度(0.01 mg/L)左右,因此,玄參與烤煙大田輪(間/套)作也可能有益于烤煙;2.玄參、川明參的莖葉枯落物水浸液處理下的烤煙幼苗,與對照相比,玄參水浸液對烤煙幼苗地下和地上生長呈現(xiàn)低濃度促進(jìn)高濃度抑制的雙重濃度效應(yīng);川明參水浸液則對烤煙幼苗生長的影響不大,偏向促進(jìn)作用。玄參、川明參水浸液澆灌下,可溶性蛋白質(zhì)以及初始熒光F0、最大熒光Fm、可變熒光Fv、PSⅡ潛在活力Fv/F0、PSⅡ最大光化學(xué)效率Fv/Fm也表現(xiàn)出較好的適應(yīng)性;3.川明參與烤煙輪作大田實驗中,與冬閑-煙種植方式相比,三種有前茬的輪作模式(川明參-煙,豌豆-煙,蠶豆-煙)煙株生長更好,對照兩種豆科植物前茬(豌豆-煙,蠶豆-煙)輪作的方式與川明參-煙輪作生長指標(biāo)差異不顯著;從經(jīng)濟(jì)效益指標(biāo)看,三種有前茬的輪作方式的年化效益遠(yuǎn)高于冬閑-煙,其中,川明參-煙的年化效益最高,達(dá)到10065.6元/畝,分別是蠶豆-煙,豌豆-煙和冬閑-煙的2.1、2.4、4.0倍。因此,川明參與煙輪作是值得推廣的。綜合種植模式和生長期土壤養(yǎng)分變化來說,輪作兩季應(yīng)均衡施用氮肥和磷肥,避免煙季過量施用氮肥,且應(yīng)偏向冬季施用磷肥;在煙季重施鉀肥的條件下,冬季應(yīng)避免再施鉀肥;4.玄參與烤煙間作大田實驗中,窄行間作由于受到遮蔭的不利影響,產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)值顯著低于煙單作和寬行間作。計入間作玄參的產(chǎn)值后,單位面積年化產(chǎn)值和年化效益以煙單作和寬行間作為大,其次為玄參單作,而窄行間作年化產(chǎn)值和年化效益僅及煙單作的72.5%和74.4%。但是,與烤煙連作(前茬為烤煙,產(chǎn)值3623元/畝、效益2523元/畝)相比,煙單作(前茬玉米)、寬行間作、玄參單作、窄行間作年化產(chǎn)值分別要高出36.2%、17.3%、2.7%、-1.2%,而年化效益則分別高出52.0%、39.7%、33.6%、13.1%。煙單作與玄參單作,如果接下來采用煙藥輪作,避免各自連作,有可能保持現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)值和收益,按兩年平均計,年化產(chǎn)值和效益則分別比烤煙連作高19.5%和42.8%,因此,接下來可采用“年內(nèi)煙藥間作,年間就地輪作”的方式避免烤煙連作造成的減產(chǎn)。綜合間作模式和烤煙生長期土壤養(yǎng)分變化看,煙單作模式氮、磷、鉀肥年度基本達(dá)到平衡,施肥較合理;種植玄參氮磷肥宜早施,鉀肥有所不足;5.四種種植模式(烤煙輪作川明參、烤煙間作玄參、單作烤煙、單作玄參)對土壤的自然含水率、非毛管孔隙度和總孔隙度有顯著作用。單作玄參能顯著提高土壤的自然含水率和毛管孔隙度,烤煙輪作川明參模式可以顯著提升土壤非毛管孔隙度�？緹熭喿鞔鲄�、單作玄參、烤煙間作玄參模式能不同程度增加土壤的滲透水量和土壤入滲率,有助于土壤入滲水分;土壤累計入滲量用一元二次方程擬合較好,相關(guān)系數(shù)均在0.99以上,不同種植模式的入滲過程過程用Kostiakov模型擬合較好。6.玄參、川明參對烤煙種子萌發(fā)、幼苗生長和大田試驗結(jié)果的綜合分析可知,玄參和川明參對烤煙的生理生化指標(biāo)無不良影響,且對土壤的理化性質(zhì)有改善作用,玄參、川明參可作為藥煙輪(間)的選擇作物,該研究結(jié)果可指導(dǎo)農(nóng)民利用中草藥玄參、川明參與烤煙輪(間)作,有助于緩解烤煙的連作障礙。
[Abstract]:Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and traditional Chinese medicinal plants, Sichuan Ming Shen (Chuanminshen violaceum Sheh et Sha), and Radix Ginseng (Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsley) are important economic crops, widely cultivated in the southwest of China, and the suitable ecological conditions are similar, but the three crops all show different degrees of self toxicity and avoid continuous cropping. The fixed "drug smoke" wheel (between) as the mode of planting may avoid the continuous cropping obstacle caused by each continuous cropping, and make the production of the medicine tobacco produce each other. A field experiment was carried out to study the growth, yield, output value, soil nutrients, soil moisture and infiltration properties of Flue-cured Tobacco under field conditions under field conditions. The main results are as follows: 1. the water extract of Sichuan Ming ginseng has a certain allelopathic effect on flue-cured tobacco. From the experiment of flue-cured tobacco seed germination, Chuan Ming's participation in flue-cured tobacco rotation may be beneficial to flue-cured tobacco. Even if the stem and leaf were completely returned to the field, the stems and leaves of the soil were only 1%, that is, in the low concentration of water immersion (0.01 mg/L) in this paper. Therefore, the Rhizoctonia root and the flue-cured tobacco Datian (interplant) may also be beneficial to the flue-cured tobacco; 2. of the root and the leaves of the stem and leaves of the Rhizoctonia ginseng were treated with water extract. The upper growth showed a double concentration effect of low concentration and high concentration inhibition, while the water immersion of Sichuan ginseng had little effect on the growth of flue-cured tobacco seedlings, and it was biased to promote the growth. The soluble protein, the initial fluorescence F0, the maximum fluorescence Fm, the variable fluorescein Fv, the potential vitality Fv/F0 of PS II, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PS II, Fv /Fm also showed good adaptability; 3. in the field experiment in the field of flue-cured tobacco rotation in Sichuan Ming Dynasty, compared with the winter leisure tobacco planting method, three previous cropping patterns (Sichuan ginseng tobacco, pea smoke, Vicia bean smoke) grew better, and the growth indexes of two kinds of leguminous plants (PEA tobacco, Vicia bean and tobacco) were compared with those of Sichuan ginseng and tobacco rotation. In terms of economic benefit, the annual benefit of three kinds of crop rotation patterns with previous crop rotation is much higher than that of winter leisure. Among them, the annual benefit of Sichuan Ming ginseng tobacco is the highest, reaching 10065.6 yuan per mu, which is 2.1,2.4,4.0 times of Vicia bean tobacco, pea smoke and winter leisure. In the long term soil nutrient change, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer should be applied evenly in the two quarter of the rotation to avoid the excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in the tobacco season and the application of phosphate fertilizer in winter. Under the condition of applying potash fertilizer in the tobacco season, the potassium fertilizer should be avoided in winter. In the field experiment between the 4. sage and the flue-cured tobacco, the narrow intercropping is affected by the shade, the yield and output value. The annual output value and annual benefit of the unit area were larger than the tobacco single cropping and the wide intercourse, followed by the single cropping, and the narrow intercropping output value and annual benefit were only 72.5% and 74.4%. of tobacco single cropping, but the continuous cropping with flue-cured tobacco (the previous crop was 3623 yuan / mu). Compared with 2523 yuan per mu, tobacco single cropping (previous corn), wide intercropping, single cropping of Radix sacyfis, and the annual production value of narrow intercropping are 36.2%, 17.3%, 2.7%, -1.2%, respectively, while annual benefits are higher than 52%, 39.7%, 33.6%, and 13.1%. tobacco single cropping and single cropping. According to the annual average, the annual output value and benefit were 19.5% and 42.8% higher than the continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco. Therefore, the following can be used in the way of "Intercropping of tobacco in the year and in year rotation" to avoid the reduction of tobacco continuous cropping. In the comprehensive intercropping pattern and the change of soil nutrients during the growing period of flue-cured tobacco, the annual tobacco single cropping pattern nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizer were basically reached. To balance, fertilization is more reasonable; planting Radix sage nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer early application, potassium fertilizer is inadequate; 5. four planting patterns (flue cured tobacco rotation of Sichuan Ming ginseng, flue-cured tobacco intercropping, single cropping tobacco, monocolus monocolus) have significant effect on soil natural water content, non capillary porosity and total porosity, and single cropping sash can significantly increase soil natural water content and hair. The model of flue-cured tobacco rotated Sichuan Ming ginseng can significantly improve the porosity of soil non capillary tube. The model of flue-cured tobacco rotation of Sichuan Ming ginseng, Single Cropping Cucumber and flue-cured tobacco can increase soil infiltration water and soil infiltration rate in different degrees, and help the soil infiltration water. The cumulative infiltration quantity of soil is fitted well with one yuan two times equation and correlation coefficient. The infiltration process of different planting patterns was more than 0.99. The Kostiakov model was used to fit the better.6.. The comprehensive analysis of the seed germination, the seedling growth and the field test results showed that the radix satidis and Radix Ginseng had no adverse effects on the physiological and biochemical indexes of the flue-cured tobacco, and the physical and chemical properties of the soil were improved. The results of this study can guide the farmers to use Chinese herbal Radix Ginseng and Chuan ming to take part in the cropping of flue-cured tobacco and help to alleviate the continuous cropping barriers of flue-cured tobacco.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S572;S567.53

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