本文選題：延河流域 + RUSLE模型　； 參考：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：植被是影響土壤侵蝕重要因素,定量分析植被的水土保持作用,有利于準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估植被的水土保持作用,對(duì)區(qū)域生態(tài)環(huán)境恢復(fù)重建工作具有重要意義。隨著流域水文模擬技術(shù)的發(fā)展,水文模型成為流域水文管理的有效手段。不同的模型有各自的側(cè)重點(diǎn),采用不同的模型在同一流域進(jìn)行水文模擬最終產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果也不盡相同。如何來(lái)區(qū)別模型間的差異?如何因地制宜地選擇模型?是需要解決的問(wèn)題。鑒于此,本研究在土壤侵蝕最為嚴(yán)重的地區(qū)黃土丘陵溝壑區(qū),選擇典型流域延河流域?yàn)檠芯繉?duì)象,分析了流域1970—2010年間的水沙變化特征及其與降雨的關(guān)系;分析了植被變化特征及其與水沙的關(guān)系;采用Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)模型和Morgan Morgan Finery(MMF)模型對(duì)流域內(nèi)不同時(shí)期典型年的土壤侵蝕進(jìn)行了模擬,評(píng)價(jià)了兩個(gè)模型的準(zhǔn)確性和適用性。研究取得結(jié)論如下:(1)延河流域的徑流量、輸沙量在近40年內(nèi)發(fā)生了明顯的階段性變化。延河徑流、輸沙量的變化趨勢(shì)的突變點(diǎn)年份發(fā)生在1996年。1970-1996年為波動(dòng)上升期,1996年以后延河流域的徑流量、輸沙量呈明顯的下降趨勢(shì)。(2)延河流域的植被發(fā)生了顯著變化。從1978年到2010年,耕地面積不斷下降,林草面積持續(xù)增長(zhǎng),耕地面積由5248.63km2減少到1217.13km2,林草地由1854.35km2增加到6281.45km2,同時(shí)林地和草地之間呈現(xiàn)出此消彼長(zhǎng)的現(xiàn)象。流域內(nèi)增加的林草植被多是由退耕地或撂荒地轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的,流域整體植被變化趨勢(shì)特征與90年代初的林權(quán)制度改革、2000年前后實(shí)施大規(guī)模退耕還林還草等研究區(qū)內(nèi)發(fā)生的重大歷史事件產(chǎn)生的影響相符。(3)基于RUSLE模型對(duì)延河流域的土壤侵蝕進(jìn)行了模擬。1978年、2010年的平均土壤侵蝕模數(shù)分別為4434.7 t/(km2·a)、1026.7 t/(km2·a),后者較前者土壤侵蝕模數(shù)約減少76.8%;流域東南部林區(qū)和較為平坦的溝道兩側(cè)的土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度均較低,而西北部草原區(qū)和零星分布的耕地區(qū)的土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度則較高�？紤]淤地壩攔沙情況下,1978年、2010年的模擬輸沙量與實(shí)測(cè)值之間相對(duì)誤差分別為-3%、36%,淤地壩在流域水土保持中起著重要的攔沙效益。(4)基于MMF模型對(duì)延河流域的土壤侵蝕進(jìn)行了模擬。1978年、2010年的輸沙量模擬值分別為3691×104 t、2586×104 t,經(jīng)修正后輸沙量分別為2506×104 t、868×104 t,相對(duì)誤差分別為-29%、49%。2010年模擬徑流量為1978年模擬徑流量的56.7%,而其輸沙量?jī)H為1978年的16.5%。(5)對(duì)RUSLE模型和MMF模型兩個(gè)模型進(jìn)行了一系列的比較和評(píng)估。MMF模型比RUSLE模型能更好的描述土壤侵蝕的物理過(guò)程;MMF模型更為復(fù)雜,模型的建模較RUSLE模型更為不易;考慮淤地壩攔蓄作用修正時(shí)RUSLE模型的模擬精度相對(duì)于MMF模型而言較好。
[Abstract]:Vegetation is an important factor affecting soil erosion. The quantitative analysis of soil and water conservation of vegetation is beneficial to the accurate assessment of soil and water conservation of vegetation and is of great significance to the restoration and reconstruction of regional ecological environment. With the development of watershed hydrological simulation technology, hydrological model has become an effective method for watershed hydrological management. Different models have their own emphases, and the results of hydrological simulation in the same watershed by different models are different. How to distinguish the differences between models? How to choose the model according to local conditions? It is a problem that needs to be solved. In view of this, in the loess hilly and gully region where soil erosion is the most serious, the Yanhe River Basin, a typical watershed, is selected as the research object, and the characteristics of water and sediment variation and its relationship with rainfall during 1970-2010 are analyzed. The characteristics of vegetation change and its relationship with water and sediment were analyzed, and the model of Revised Universal Soil Loss equation Rusle and Morgan Morgan FineryMMP were used to simulate the soil erosion in different periods of the watershed, and the accuracy and applicability of the two models were evaluated. The conclusions are as follows: (1) the runoff and sediment discharge of Yanhe River Basin have changed significantly in the past 40 years. The abrupt point year of the change trend of the runoff and sediment discharge occurred in 1996 ~ 1970-1996 as the rising period of fluctuation. After 1996, the runoff and sediment discharge of the Yanhe River basin showed an obvious downward trend.) the vegetation of the Yanhe River Basin changed significantly. From 1978 to 2010, the area of cultivated land decreased, the area of forest and grass continued to increase, the area of cultivated land decreased from 5248.63km2 to 1217.13 km ~ 2, and the area of forest and grassland increased from 1854.35km2 to 6281.45 km ~ 2. The increased forest and grass vegetation in the watershed is mostly converted from abandoned or abandoned land. The trend characteristics of overall vegetation change in the basin are consistent with the influence of the major historical events in the study area, such as the reform of forest tenure system in the early 1990s and the implementation of large-scale conversion of farmland to forest and grass around 2000.) based on RUSLE model, the Yanjiang River is affected. The average soil erosion modulus in 1978 and 2010 was 4434.7 t/(km2 / a and 1026.7 t/(km2 / a, respectively, and the soil erosion modulus of the latter was reduced by 76.8g than that of the former, and the intensity of soil erosion was lower in the forest region of the southeastern part of the basin and on both sides of the flatter channel. However, the soil erosion intensity was higher in the northwest grassland and scattered cultivated land areas. In the case of silt dam, the relative error between simulated sediment discharge and measured value in 1978 and 2010 is -336, respectively. Silt dam plays an important role in soil and water conservation in river basin. The effect of silt dam on soil erosion in Yanhe river basin is based on MMF model. The simulated values of sediment discharge in 1978 and 2010 were 3691 脳 10 ~ 4 t ~ (2 586 脳 10 ~ 4 t) and 2506 脳 10 ~ 4 t ~ (10 ~ 4) 脳 10 ~ 4 t, respectively. The relative error was -290.49%. The simulated runoff in 2010 was 56.7% of that in 1978, while its sediment transport was 16.555 t (1978). The RUSLE model and the MMF model are compared and evaluated. MMF model is more complex than RUSLE model in describing the physical process of soil erosion. The modeling of the model is more difficult than that of the RUSLE model, and the simulation accuracy of the RUSLE model is better than that of the MMF model.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S157

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