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  本文選題：河套灌區(qū)　切入點：土壤養(yǎng)分　出處：《內蒙古農業(yè)大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：在提高肥料利用率和保證糧食作物穩(wěn)效高產前提下,降低肥料養(yǎng)分淋失,減輕農業(yè)化肥面源污染,是協(xié)調糧食資源和環(huán)境問題的根本[1]。內蒙古河套灌區(qū)農作物種植集約化程度高,但因不合理施肥導致的農業(yè)面源污染也較為嚴重�；署B(yǎng)分淋失是河套灌區(qū)肥料養(yǎng)分損失的主要途徑,但養(yǎng)分淋失動態(tài)特征和控制治理技術措施尚未引起足夠重視[4]。因此,本文于2015-2016年,針對河套灌區(qū)化肥面源污染存在的關鍵問題,從污染物源頭治理,研究探討河套灌區(qū)肥料養(yǎng)分淋溶特征及其所造成的農業(yè)面源污染治理技術措施研究具有重要的科學價值和實用意義。本文通過田間試驗分別布置了 9個處理3次重復,探討了河套灌區(qū)農田在不同材料處理情況下,作物整個生育期內土壤水中氮、磷、鉀素以及PH的淋溶動態(tài)分布特征,對其進行定性定量分析。以常規(guī)施肥為對照,利用田間小區(qū)試驗,對土壤水養(yǎng)分淋失控制措施進行了系統(tǒng)研究,取得以下主要研究結果:(1)土壤水氮素隨著淋溶層增加呈現(xiàn)先下降后升高趨勢,具體表現(xiàn)為0～20cm20～40cm80～100cm40～80cm;在0～100cm淋溶層土壤水氮素濃度與施肥量呈正相關關系,其中以N03--N的流失最為嚴重;不同材料處理情況下,聚丙烯酰胺、膨潤土、活性炭、聚丙烯酸鉀處理效果顯著,聚丙烯酰胺較常規(guī)處理總氮濃度平均下降24.14%,可溶性氮平均下降14.42%,硝態(tài)氮平均下降28.71%,銨態(tài)氮平均下降17.62%;膨潤土較常規(guī)處理總氮濃度平均下降22.48%,可溶性氮濃度平均下降15.49%。(2)土壤水磷素隨著淋溶層增加呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢,磷素移動性較小,不易從土壤耕作層向深處淋溶,磷素主要集中在0～40cm;在不同材料處理情況下,膨潤土、活性炭、聚丙烯酸鉀、聚丙烯酰胺處理效果顯著,可有效降低土壤水磷素濃度,平均降低21.47%;顆粒有機肥處理在作物苗期較常規(guī)處理磷素平均濃度提高38.43%,而農學生產效率較常規(guī)處理偏低,說明并非施肥量越大,農作物產量約高。(3)土壤水中K+易隨土壤水淋溶發(fā)生遷移,可淋溶到100cm 土層以外,K+濃度隨土壤淋溶層深度的增加而遞減,0～20 cm層鉀離子含量達到最大值,且呈倒置的"S"形分布;在不同材料處理情況下,膨潤土、活性炭、聚丙烯酰胺、聚丙烯酸鉀處理效果顯著。綜合考慮不同材料對土壤水氮、磷、鉀素以及PH淋溶特征分布的影響,其中聚丙烯酰胺、膨潤土、活性炭、膨潤土處理效果顯著,有機肥顯著增加磷素含量,緩控肥處理能夠保證養(yǎng)分的持續(xù)釋放從而有利于作物吸收,腐殖酸處理與常規(guī)處理比較土壤水氮、磷、鉀含量沒有顯著變化。
[Abstract]:On the premise of increasing fertilizer utilization efficiency and ensuring stable and high yield of grain crops, the leaching loss of fertilizer nutrients and the non-point source pollution of agricultural chemical fertilizers were reduced. It is the foundation of coordinating food resources and environment problems [1] .Inner-Mongolia Hetao Irrigation area has a high degree of intensive crop cultivation, But the agricultural non-point source pollution caused by unreasonable fertilization is also serious. Fertilizer nutrient leaching is the main way of fertilizer nutrient loss in Hetao irrigation area, but the dynamic characteristics of nutrient leaching and the technical measures of controlling nutrient loss have not been paid enough attention to [4]. This paper aims at the key problems of chemical fertilizer non-point source pollution in Hetao Irrigation District from 2015-2016. It is of great scientific value and practical significance to study the leaching characteristics of fertilizer nutrients and the technical measures of agricultural non-point source pollution control in Hetao Irrigation area. The leaching dynamic distribution characteristics of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and PH in soil water during the whole growth period of crops in Hetao irrigation area were studied. The control measures of soil water nutrient leaching were studied systematically by field plot experiment. The following main results were obtained: the nitrogen content of soil water decreased first and then increased with the increase of leaching layer. The results showed that the nitrogen concentration of soil water in 0~100cm leaching layer was positively correlated with the amount of fertilizer application, in which the loss of N was the most serious, and the treatment effect of polyacrylamide, bentonite, activated carbon and potassium polyacrylate was remarkable under different materials treatment. Compared with the conventional treatment, the average total nitrogen concentration of polyacrylamide decreased 24.14%, the soluble nitrogen decreased 14.42 2%, the nitrate nitrogen decreased 28.71%, the ammonium nitrogen decreased 17.62%, the bentonite decreased 22.48% and the soluble nitrogen concentration decreased 22.48%. The content of phosphorus in soil water decreased with the increase of leaching layer. Phosphorus mobility is small, it is not easy to leach from soil ploughing layer to deep, phosphorus is mainly concentrated at 0 ~ 40 cm, bentonite, activated carbon, potassium polyacrylate and polyacrylamide are effective in different materials treatment. The average concentration of phosphorus in soil water decreased by 21.47, and the average concentration of phosphorus in granular organic fertilizer treatment increased 38.43 in seedling stage, but the agricultural production efficiency was lower than that in conventional treatment. The K content in soil water tends to migrate with soil water leaching, and K concentration can be leached to the soil layer outside 100cm soil layer, which decreases with the increase of the depth of the soil leaching layer, and the K ~ + content in the layer of 20 cm is the maximum, and the K ~ + content in the soil water reaches the maximum value, and it is distributed in an inverted "S" shape. The effects of bentonite, activated carbon, polyacrylamide and potassium polyacrylate on the leaching characteristics of soil water, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and PH were considered. Bentonite, activated carbon, bentonite treatment have remarkable effect, organic fertilizer can significantly increase phosphorus content, slow control fertilizer treatment can ensure the sustained release of nutrients, which is conducive to crop absorption. Humic acid treatment compared with conventional treatment soil water, nitrogen, phosphorus, There was no significant change in potassium content.
【學位授予單位】：內蒙古農業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S153

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