本文選題：花生連作障礙　切入點(diǎn)：化肥減量　出處：《沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：花生是我國重要的油料作物,遼寧省花生種植面積大。常年重茬連作,過度施化肥導(dǎo)致花生產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)下降、肥料利用率低、環(huán)境污染等問題。因此探究在保證花生產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的條件下,減量施化肥對(duì)于緩解花生連作危害和減少農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染具有重要意義。本文采用盆栽試驗(yàn),選取多年連作花生地土壤,以農(nóng)花5號(hào)花生為研究對(duì)象,通過對(duì)不同生育期土壤養(yǎng)分、花生葉綠素?zé)晒鈪?shù)、根系活力、植株保護(hù)酶以及花生產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的測(cè)定,研究了減施化肥并配施氨基酸肥料和硒肥對(duì)花生的生長和肥料效應(yīng)的影響。研究結(jié)果如下:1.氨基酸肥料和硒肥料的施入有助于緩解土壤氮含量的損失,同時(shí)能夠?qū)ㄉL提供充足的磷素供應(yīng)。在整個(gè)花生生育期內(nèi),土壤中硝態(tài)氮含量呈現(xiàn)"下降-升高-下降"的變化趨勢(shì),全氮和銨態(tài)氮含量呈現(xiàn)先升高后下降的變化趨勢(shì)。減量化肥并配施氨基酸處理的土壤中堿解氮含量在下針期最少,為14.1 mg/kg;在成熟期后,減量化肥并配施硒肥的處理有效磷、速效鉀含量分別高于對(duì)照25.4%、11.5%.2.減量化肥并配施氨基酸肥料可提高花生葉片葉綠素SPAD值、實(shí)際光化學(xué)效率(ΦPSⅡ)、及最大光化學(xué)效率(Fv/Fm)。對(duì)于SPAD值比對(duì)照提高了 7.0%～15.0%;對(duì)于ΦPSⅡ和Fv/Fm值,在結(jié)莢期減量化肥并配施氨基酸處理、減量化肥并配施氨基酸和硒混處理比對(duì)照分別提高了 22.8%、15.4%和3.3%、6.7%.減量化肥并配施硒肥有助于提高花生根系活力;減量化肥的花生根系活力均顯著高于對(duì)照;而減量化肥并配施硒處理在結(jié)莢期與對(duì)照相比高出2.86倍。3.花生植株保護(hù)酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、過氧化物酶(POD)、過氧化氫酶(CAT)的活性在整個(gè)生育期均呈現(xiàn)先升高后降低的趨勢(shì),而花生根中丙二醛(MDA)含量呈現(xiàn)一直下降的趨勢(shì);減量化肥并配施硒處理的根中MDA含量表現(xiàn)為較低水平,其中在下針期影響最為顯著,比CK低48.3%.而減量化肥并配施氨基酸處理的花生根、葉片SOD活性及CAT活性高于CK,其中在結(jié)莢期影響最為顯著,SOD活性高出CK 1.41倍、1.71倍,CAT活性較CK提高了 11.0%、47.0%;減量化肥并配施氨基酸和硒處理對(duì)花生葉片POD活性在下針期顯著高于CK,較CK提高了 52.7%、39.8%.4.減量化肥配施氨基酸能夠促進(jìn)花生植株主莖和側(cè)枝的生長,增加有效分枝數(shù)和單株莢果數(shù)、果仁產(chǎn)量,提高籽仁率,籽仁更飽滿;從而有效提高花生的產(chǎn)量,較對(duì)照提高了 9.0%.減量化肥并配施硒肥處理顯著提高花生的蛋白質(zhì)和粗脂肪含量,較對(duì)照提高了 4.7%和10.3%;降低了可溶性糖含量,可以改善花生的品質(zhì)。5.化肥減量并配施氨基酸處理明顯提高了花生氮、磷、鉀肥利用率和農(nóng)學(xué)效率,其中對(duì)鉀肥的影響最為突出。花生的氮、磷、鉀肥料利用率分別可達(dá)55.3%、32.7%、63.5%,提高幅度為27.4%～32.5%;與對(duì)照相比,氮、磷、鉀肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率分別提高了 21.7%、38.6%、40.4%。綜上所述,化肥減量并配施氨基酸和硒肥進(jìn)行分次追施可提高花生產(chǎn)量,同時(shí)提高花生品質(zhì),明顯提高了肥料的利用效率,其中,減量化肥并配施氨基酸與減量化肥并配施氨基酸和硒處理可以緩解花生連作帶來的負(fù)面影響。
[Abstract]:Peanut is an important oil crop in China, Liaoning Province peanut planting area. Perennial cropping even, excessive fertilization led to a decline in the yield and quality of peanut, low utilization rate of fertilizer, environmental pollution and other issues. Therefore research to ensure the yield and quality of peanut under the condition of reducing fertilizer to ease the application of peanut continuous cropping has important and harm to reduce agricultural non-point source pollution. The pot test, selection of continuous cropping peanut in agricultural soil, spend 5 peanut as the research object, through the different stages of soil nutrients, root activity of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, peanut, plant protection enzyme and determination of the yield and quality of peanut were studied, and effect of the reduction of chemical fertilizer application of amino acid fertilizer and selenium fertilizer on peanut growth and fertilizer effect. The results are as follows: 1. amino acid fertilizer and selenium fertilizer helps alleviate the nitrogen content of soil loss, at the same time Can the peanut growth provide adequate supply of phosphorus. In the whole growth period of peanut, nitrate nitrogen content in soil showed a trend of "decrease increase decrease", total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content showed increased first and then decreased. Reduction of fertilizer and fertilizer of amino acid nitrogen in soil the content in needling stage was 14.1 mg/kg; at least, in the mature period, the reduction of chemical fertilizer and fertilizer phosphorus selenium fertilizer, potassium content were higher than the control 25.4%, 11.5%.2. reduction of chemical fertilizer and fertilizer of amino acid fertilizer can increase the chlorophyll of peanut leaves SPAD value, actual photochemical efficiency (PS II), and the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm). The SPAD value was increased by 7% ~ 15% than that of the control; for with PS II and Fv/Fm, application of amino acid at the podding stage and fertilizer reduction, reduction of chemical fertilizer and fertilizer mixed amino acids and selenium treatment than the control respectively increased by 22.8%, 15. 4% and 3.3%, 6.7%. reduction of chemical fertilizer and Se fertilizer application helps to improve the peanut root vigor; peanut root vigor reduction of fertilizer were significantly higher than that of control; and the reduction of fertilizer and fertilizer at podding stage selenium treatment compared with the control 2.86 times higher.3. peanut superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase the enzyme (POD), catalase (CAT) activity were increased at first and then decreased in the whole growth period, and peanut root MDA (MDA) content has been decreased; reduction of chemical fertilizer and fertilizer MDA content in the roots of selenium is low level, which in effect under the obviously, 48.3%. is lower than that of CK and reduction of fertilizer and fertilizer of peanut root amino acid treatment, SOD activity and CAT activity of leaves was higher than that of CK, which is the most significant influence in the pod stage, SOD activity is higher than CK 1.41 times, 1.71 times, the activity of CAT CK was increased by 11%, 47% reduction; Fertilizer and fertilizer of amino acid and selenium on peanut leaves POD activity in needling stage was significantly higher than that of CK, increased by 52.7% compared to CK, 39.8%.4. reduction of fertilizer amino acid can promote plant growth of peanut stem and branch, increase the number of effective branches and pods per plant, kernel yield, high seed rate, seed fuller in order to improve the yield of peanut; compared with the control, improve the 9.0%. reduction of chemical fertilizer and fertilizer selenium fertilizer treatment significantly increased the content of protein and crude fat peanut, was increased by 4.7% and 10.3%; reduce the content of soluble sugar, can improve the quality of peanut.5. fertilizer and fertilizer reduction of amino acids increased significantly in peanut nitrogen, P, K fertilizer use efficiency and agronomic efficiency, the effect of potash fertilizer was the most prominent. Peanut nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer utilization rate can reach 55.3%, 32.7%, 63.5%, increased from 27.4% to 32.5% compared with the control, N, P, K fertilizer agronomic efficiency were increased by 21.7%, 38.6%, 40.4%. in the reduction of chemical fertilizer and fertilizer of amino acids and selenium fertilizer dressing can improve the yield of peanut, while improving the quality of peanut, significantly improve the efficiency of fertilizer utilization, the reduction of chemical fertilizer and fertilizer and fertilizer and fertilizer reduction of amino acids and amino acids selenium treatment can alleviate the negative effects brought by peanut continuous cropping.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S565.2

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