發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-01-14 06:05

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：不同施肥模式對(duì)蔬菜地中氮素流失影響研究　出處：《西南交通大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 蔬菜地 氮 施肥模式 徑流流失 淋溶損失

【摘要】：在點(diǎn)源污染已逐漸得到有效控制的今天,農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)峻性日益凸顯,而蔬菜地作為重要的土地利用方式之一,因其生長(zhǎng)周期短、復(fù)種指數(shù)高和肥料施用量大等特點(diǎn),導(dǎo)致由不合理施用氮肥造成的蔬菜地氮素面源污染問(wèn)題相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重。針對(duì)蔬菜地氮素面源污染造成的水體富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化以及地下水硝酸鹽污染問(wèn)題,本研究從不同施肥模式入手,通過(guò)人工模擬降雨試驗(yàn),以盆栽土培小白菜作為研究對(duì)象,探索四種不同施肥模式(不施肥、單施有機(jī)肥、化肥有機(jī)肥各半、單施化肥)對(duì)氮素徑流流失、淋溶損失的特征以及氮肥利用率的影響。主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)不同施肥模式對(duì)蔬菜地氮素徑流流失的影響施肥是導(dǎo)致蔬菜地氮素徑流流失的主要因素,化肥有機(jī)肥復(fù)混的施肥模式下氮素徑流流失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最小,具有較高的環(huán)境效益�？偟拖鯌B(tài)氮濃度隨時(shí)間總體呈遞減的趨勢(shì),但氨氮的濃度則是波動(dòng)減少的,施肥前期和作物生長(zhǎng)初期的降雨引發(fā)氮素徑流流失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極高。徑流中各形態(tài)氮的濃度與降雨強(qiáng)度正相關(guān)。氮素徑流流失的主要形式是顆粒態(tài)氮,而硝態(tài)氮是溶解性無(wú)機(jī)氮徑流流失的主要形式。(2)不同施肥模式對(duì)蔬菜地氮素淋溶流失的影響化肥有機(jī)肥混施造成的土壤氮素淋溶流失程度相對(duì)較少。三種不同施肥模式的淋溶液總氮濃度和硝態(tài)氮濃度的變化趨勢(shì)均是先升高達(dá)峰值后再降低,逐漸趨于平緩。氨氮淋失濃度隨時(shí)間雖有波動(dòng)但總體較為平緩。降雨強(qiáng)度和淋溶液中總氮、硝態(tài)氮、氨氮濃度成正相關(guān)關(guān)系,而且隨著降雨強(qiáng)度增大,三種施肥模式的總氮和硝態(tài)氮淋溶液濃度的峰值提前出現(xiàn)。氮素絕大多數(shù)以硝態(tài)氮、氨氮等可溶性無(wú)機(jī)氮的形式向下淋溶,硝態(tài)氮是蔬菜地淋溶的主要氮素形態(tài)。(3)地表徑流和淋溶液中氮素濃度的比較本試驗(yàn)條件下,降雨后引起的氮素面源污染的主要形式是淋溶損失,總氮、硝態(tài)氮和氨氮的地表徑流濃度都小于淋溶液中的濃度。(4)不同施肥模式對(duì)氮肥利用率的影響各施肥模式都不同程度的促進(jìn)小白菜植株中氮素的累積,化肥有機(jī)肥混施的處理小白菜植株累積的氮素最多,氮肥利用率(26.03%)最高,單施有機(jī)肥的小白菜氮素累積效果不如單施化肥。綜上所述,在蔬菜種植的短期時(shí)間內(nèi),采用化肥有機(jī)肥混施的施肥模式能夠在保障氮肥利用率較高的條件下,減少氮素的流失,從而降低氮素面源污染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),走上環(huán)境友好、安全高效和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)之路。
[Abstract]:In the point source pollution has been effectively controlled today, serious problems of agricultural non-point source pollution has become increasingly prominent, and the vegetable is one of the important ways of land use, because of its short growth cycle, the characteristics of higher multiple cropping index and fertilizer application amount is very large, leading to nitrogen caused by unreasonable application of nitrogen in vegetable sources the pollution problem is very serious. The eutrophication caused by non-point source pollution in vegetable and groundwater nitrate pollution problems, this research from different fertilization modes, through artificial rainfall simulation experiment, the pot of cabbage as the research object, explore four different fertilization modes (no fertilizer, organic fertilizer. Fertilizer and organic fertilizer were chemical fertilizer) on nitrogen runoff loss characteristics, leaching loss and influence of nitrogen use efficiency. The main results are as follows: (1) different fertilization patterns on vegetable n size Influence of flow loss is the main factor leading to fertilization in vegetable nitrogen runoff, organic fertilizer complex fertilizer fertilization mode under nitrogen runoff risk minimization, with higher environmental benefits. Total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen concentration had a decreasing trend, but the concentration of ammonia nitrogen is less volatile, fertilization early and early crop growth of rainfall caused by nitrogen runoff and rainfall intensity. The high risk concentration of nitrogen in runoff are related. The main form of nitrogen runoff is particulate nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen is the main form of dissolved inorganic nitrogen runoff loss. (2) different fertilization patterns on the impact of the loss vegetable nitrogen leaching of fertilizer organic fertilizer caused by soil nitrogen leaching loss is relatively less. The change trend of three kinds of different fertilization patterns of total nitrogen leaching solution concentration and nitrate concentration are rising first Up to a peak and then decreased gradually flatten. Leaching concentration of ammonia nitrogen with time although fluctuations, but overall is relatively gentle. Rainfall intensity and total nitrogen leaching solution, nitrate nitrogen, a positive correlation between the concentration of ammonia, and with the increase of rainfall intensity. The peak, three fertilization patterns of total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen leaching solution the concentration of nitrogen appeared earlier. Most of the nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the form of downward leaching, nitrate nitrogen is the main form of nitrogen leaching in vegetable. (3) nitrogen concentration in surface runoff and leaching solution in the experimental conditions, the main form of non-point source pollution caused by rainfall. Is the leaching losses of total nitrogen, runoff concentration of nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen are less than the concentration of leaching solution. (4) different fertilization patterns on different fertilization patterns affect nitrogen use efficiency of different degree n in Pakchoi leaves. Product, nitrogen fertilizer organic fertilizer of cabbage plants accumulated most, nitrogen utilization rate (26.03%) the highest, single application of organic fertilizer nitrogen accumulation in Pakchoi effect than chemical fertilizer. In summary, in the short time of growing vegetables, using chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer fertilization mode in nitrogen utilization conditions a higher rate of protection, reducing the loss of nitrogen, thereby reducing the risk of non-point source pollution, on environmental friendly, safe and efficient and sustainable development of agricultural production.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：X52;X712

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