死亡意識(shí)對(duì)跨期決策的影響研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-03-08 20:44
【摘要】：人們對(duì)不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的收益與損失做出權(quán)衡取舍的過程叫做跨期決策。時(shí)間在跨期決策中扮演著重要的角色,如果人們?cè)诳缙跊Q策中知覺到等待的時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),對(duì)未來選項(xiàng)就表現(xiàn)出越少的耐心,揭示了時(shí)間知覺與跨期決策的關(guān)系。同時(shí),已有研究表明,當(dāng)人們的死亡意識(shí)被喚起時(shí),時(shí)間知覺會(huì)產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的變化,比如年長(zhǎng)者的死亡焦慮程度使他們感覺時(shí)間流逝得更快。但目前較少有研究將死亡意識(shí)與跨期決策直接聯(lián)系起來,特別是個(gè)體想象自身死亡的情況。本研究旨在通過啟動(dòng)死亡意識(shí)來研究個(gè)體的跨期決策變化,并探討時(shí)間知覺在兩者之間所扮演的角色。實(shí)驗(yàn)一采用經(jīng)典的死亡提醒范式啟動(dòng)被試的死亡意識(shí),實(shí)驗(yàn)二采用預(yù)期壽命反饋來啟動(dòng)死亡意識(shí),實(shí)驗(yàn)三通過正向想象死亡與逆向回溯死亡來啟動(dòng)死亡意識(shí),以上三個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的自變量均為死亡意識(shí)啟動(dòng)條件與跨期決策刺激金額大小,因變量均為跨期決策的時(shí)間折扣率和時(shí)間知覺大小。實(shí)驗(yàn)四則是采用未來時(shí)間點(diǎn)的正向想象與逆向回溯啟動(dòng),來進(jìn)一步了解未來的某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)的啟動(dòng)是否會(huì)引起類似于死亡意識(shí)啟動(dòng)的效果。研究結(jié)果如下:(1)當(dāng)采用死亡提醒范式來啟動(dòng)個(gè)體的死亡意識(shí)時(shí),個(gè)體在跨期決策上折扣率更小,表現(xiàn)得更偏好未來。同時(shí)個(gè)體感受到時(shí)間流逝得更快,知覺到的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度更短,并且在中金額條件下,時(shí)間知覺在啟動(dòng)條件與跨期決策間起到了完全中介的作用。(2)當(dāng)采用預(yù)期壽命反饋范式來啟動(dòng)個(gè)體的死亡意識(shí)時(shí),個(gè)體在跨期決策上折扣率更大,表現(xiàn)得更關(guān)注當(dāng)下。但預(yù)期壽命反饋并未影響個(gè)體的時(shí)間知覺。(3)逆向回溯死亡的個(gè)體比正向想象死亡的個(gè)體有更小的跨期決策折扣率,同時(shí)知覺到的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度更短,并且在中金額條件下,時(shí)間知覺在啟動(dòng)條件與跨期決策間起到了部分中介的作用。(4)未來時(shí)間啟動(dòng)對(duì)跨期決策與時(shí)間知覺均沒有影響。本研究表明,死亡提醒與預(yù)期壽命反饋兩種不同的死亡啟動(dòng)方式使得個(gè)體跨期決策上有不同的表現(xiàn),這是由于兩種啟動(dòng)方式引導(dǎo)個(gè)體由正向與逆向兩種不同方向來思考死亡。死亡提醒啟動(dòng)任務(wù)使個(gè)體具體思考死亡,并站在死亡時(shí)刻回顧一生,從而對(duì)人生產(chǎn)生了更合理的規(guī)劃,愿意放棄即時(shí)享樂而選擇長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的利益,因此在跨期決策中有更小的折扣率。而預(yù)期壽命反饋只是讓個(gè)體由當(dāng)下的狀態(tài)看向死亡,沒有引起人生的反思,因此對(duì)人生必死性的焦慮使得個(gè)體渴望抓緊當(dāng)下的資源,在跨期決策有更大的折扣率。實(shí)驗(yàn)三所設(shè)計(jì)的死亡正向想象與死亡逆向回溯證明了這一觀點(diǎn)。此外,本研究也證明了未來時(shí)間點(diǎn)的啟動(dòng)不會(huì)引起類似于死亡意識(shí)啟動(dòng)的效果,也就是說,只有未來死亡點(diǎn)的啟動(dòng)才能夠影響個(gè)體的時(shí)間知覺和跨期決策。
[Abstract]:The process of making trade-offs between gains and losses at different time points is called intertemporal decision-making. Time plays an important role in intertemporal decision-making. If people feel that the longer the waiting time in the intertemporal decision-making, the less patience will be shown to the future options, which reveals the relationship between time perception and intertemporal decision-making. At the same time, previous studies have shown that when people's consciousness of death is awakened, time perception changes accordingly, such as the degree of death anxiety in older adults that makes them feel that time flies faster. However, there are few studies that directly relate the consciousness of death to intertemporal decision-making, especially when individuals imagine their own death. The purpose of this study is to study the inter-temporal decision-making changes of individuals by initiating the consciousness of death, and to explore the role of time perception in the process of intertemporal decision-making. In the first experiment, the classical death reminder paradigm was used to initiate the consciousness of death, the second experiment used life expectancy feedback to initiate the consciousness of death, and the third experiment started the consciousness of death through positive imagination of death and reverse retrospect of death. The independent variables of the above three experiments were the priming condition of death consciousness and the amount of stimulus of inter-temporal decision-making. The dependent variables were the time discount rate and the time perception of inter-temporal decision-making. In the fourth experiment, the forward imagination and reverse backtracking of the future time point were used to further understand whether the initiation of a certain time point in the future would lead to the effect similar to that of the death consciousness start-up. The results are as follows: (1) when the death reminder paradigm is used to initiate the individual's consciousness of death, the discount rate of intertemporal decision-making is smaller and the individual shows more preference for the future. At the same time, the individual feels that the time goes by faster, the perceived length of time is shorter, and in the case of a medium amount of money, Time perception acts as a complete intermediary between the priming condition and intertemporal decision-making. (2) when the life expectancy feedback paradigm is used to initiate the individual's consciousness of death, the individual has a higher discount rate in intertemporal decision-making and shows more attention to the present. However, the feedback of life expectancy did not affect the individual's perception of time. (3) individuals with reverse retrospective death had a smaller discount rate of inter-temporal decision-making than those with positive imagination of death, and the perceived length of time was shorter, and at the same time, under the condition of medium amount of money, Time perception plays an intermediary role between priming condition and intertemporal decision-making. (4) Future time priming has no effect on intertemporal decision-making and temporal perception. This study shows that two different ways of death initiation, death reminder and life expectancy feedback, lead to different performance in intertemporal decision-making, which is due to the fact that the two priming modes lead individuals to think about death in two different directions: positive and reverse. Death reminders initiate tasks that enable individuals to think specifically about death and stand at the moment of death to review their lives, thus creating a more rational plan for life, willing to give up immediate enjoyment and choose long-term benefits. As a result, there is a smaller discount rate in intertemporal decision-making. Life expectancy feedback only makes the individual look from the present state to death, does not cause the reflection of life, so anxiety about the inevitable nature of life makes individuals eager to grasp the resources of the present, and has a greater discount rate in intertemporal decision-making. This view is demonstrated by the positive imagine of death and the reverse backtracking of death designed by the third experiment. In addition, this study also proves that the initiation of future time points does not lead to a similar effect as that of death consciousness, that is, only the initiation of future death points can affect the individual's time perception and intertemporal decision-making.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：B842
本文編號(hào)：2437192
[Abstract]:The process of making trade-offs between gains and losses at different time points is called intertemporal decision-making. Time plays an important role in intertemporal decision-making. If people feel that the longer the waiting time in the intertemporal decision-making, the less patience will be shown to the future options, which reveals the relationship between time perception and intertemporal decision-making. At the same time, previous studies have shown that when people's consciousness of death is awakened, time perception changes accordingly, such as the degree of death anxiety in older adults that makes them feel that time flies faster. However, there are few studies that directly relate the consciousness of death to intertemporal decision-making, especially when individuals imagine their own death. The purpose of this study is to study the inter-temporal decision-making changes of individuals by initiating the consciousness of death, and to explore the role of time perception in the process of intertemporal decision-making. In the first experiment, the classical death reminder paradigm was used to initiate the consciousness of death, the second experiment used life expectancy feedback to initiate the consciousness of death, and the third experiment started the consciousness of death through positive imagination of death and reverse retrospect of death. The independent variables of the above three experiments were the priming condition of death consciousness and the amount of stimulus of inter-temporal decision-making. The dependent variables were the time discount rate and the time perception of inter-temporal decision-making. In the fourth experiment, the forward imagination and reverse backtracking of the future time point were used to further understand whether the initiation of a certain time point in the future would lead to the effect similar to that of the death consciousness start-up. The results are as follows: (1) when the death reminder paradigm is used to initiate the individual's consciousness of death, the discount rate of intertemporal decision-making is smaller and the individual shows more preference for the future. At the same time, the individual feels that the time goes by faster, the perceived length of time is shorter, and in the case of a medium amount of money, Time perception acts as a complete intermediary between the priming condition and intertemporal decision-making. (2) when the life expectancy feedback paradigm is used to initiate the individual's consciousness of death, the individual has a higher discount rate in intertemporal decision-making and shows more attention to the present. However, the feedback of life expectancy did not affect the individual's perception of time. (3) individuals with reverse retrospective death had a smaller discount rate of inter-temporal decision-making than those with positive imagination of death, and the perceived length of time was shorter, and at the same time, under the condition of medium amount of money, Time perception plays an intermediary role between priming condition and intertemporal decision-making. (4) Future time priming has no effect on intertemporal decision-making and temporal perception. This study shows that two different ways of death initiation, death reminder and life expectancy feedback, lead to different performance in intertemporal decision-making, which is due to the fact that the two priming modes lead individuals to think about death in two different directions: positive and reverse. Death reminders initiate tasks that enable individuals to think specifically about death and stand at the moment of death to review their lives, thus creating a more rational plan for life, willing to give up immediate enjoyment and choose long-term benefits. As a result, there is a smaller discount rate in intertemporal decision-making. Life expectancy feedback only makes the individual look from the present state to death, does not cause the reflection of life, so anxiety about the inevitable nature of life makes individuals eager to grasp the resources of the present, and has a greater discount rate in intertemporal decision-making. This view is demonstrated by the positive imagine of death and the reverse backtracking of death designed by the third experiment. In addition, this study also proves that the initiation of future time points does not lead to a similar effect as that of death consciousness, that is, only the initiation of future death points can affect the individual's time perception and intertemporal decision-making.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：B842
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