本文選題：支那 + 日本��； 參考：《北京外國語大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】："支那",亦作至那、脂那等,本是古代佛教經(jīng)典對中國的稱呼,而對于國人來說,它更多代表了近代同日本的那段慘痛歷史,被視為是具有極大侮辱性的歧視用語。在《翻譯名義集》中,"支那"被解釋為"贊美此方是文冠文物之地"的美稱,卻在近代引起中國人的深惡痛絕;在日本它原本鮮為人知,卻在近代成為民間、甚至官方對中國的普遍稱呼。這其間的變化不可不謂之巨大。正如竹內(nèi)好所說,"支那"一詞可以說承載著中日近代歷史的全部重量。本文通過對日本"支那"一詞用法的探討,以期給世人提供一個更為客觀、全面的"支那"像。本文主要探討兩個課題,一支那在日本的變遷史,二日本稱呼中國為支那的原因。關(guān)于前個課題,固然有實藤惠秀與佐藤三郎的著作珠玉在前,但他們只關(guān)注"支那"本身,我們無從得知"支那"在所有稱呼中的具體定位,而本文通過對比同時代日本對中國的其他稱呼,輔之以更廣泛、翔實的史料,希望更清楚地描繪出支那在日本的普及過程。關(guān)于后個課題,至今相關(guān)的研究仍較少,本文重點關(guān)注"支那"在各個歷史階段的具體用法和詞義變化,將該課題置于具體時代背景中來考量。本文除了開頭和結(jié)尾外,一共由三大章構(gòu)成。第一章關(guān)注"支那"的使用數(shù)量,結(jié)合具體史料,從該角度整理了"支那"從近世到甲午中日戰(zhàn)爭前后的變遷史。使用到的史料有近世日本人自己編撰的世界地理書籍、明治以后的小學(xué)地理教科書、《新聞集成明治編年史》等�？疾旖Y(jié)果如下,"支那"起初通過佛教交流傳入日本,古代日本的"支那"使用雖然非常少,但一直沒有中斷過。"支那"使用開始增加發(fā)生在十八和十九世紀交接時;進入明治之后,"支那"使用大量增加;而它在日本的普及一—本文定義為普通民眾知道其為中國的稱呼——本文認為是在甲午中日戰(zhàn)爭發(fā)生之前,而非之前大部分研究所主張的甲午中日戰(zhàn)爭之后。第二章關(guān)注"支那"的詞義變化,同樣結(jié)合上述史料,從該角度整理了"支那"從近世到甲午中日戰(zhàn)爭前后的變遷史�？疾旖Y(jié)果如下,古代日本的"支那"使用主要受中國的影響,當(dāng)時"支那"只是作為中國眾多稱呼中不大為人所知的一個,偶爾會出現(xiàn)在佛教相關(guān)的書籍中;近世新井白石的使用具有開創(chuàng)意義,其開創(chuàng)性就在于將"支那"作為西語的對應(yīng)音譯來使用,該使用方法在十八世紀后期被一些蘭學(xué)家效仿,而他們之所以選擇使用"支那"來稱呼中國,與西洋各國的"支那"使用有著千絲萬縷的關(guān)系;進入明治后,"支那"使用的多樣性得到進一步發(fā)展,使用領(lǐng)域也更加廣泛。另一個重要問題,"支那"的歧視性問題。先前研究討論頗盛,但大部分都只停留于"支那"是歧視用語這一結(jié)論,關(guān)于"支那"為什么會由毫無貶義的中性詞變成中國人反感的歧視用語的過程和原因并沒有得到充分展開。詞的感情色彩的變化與其使用的語言環(huán)境息息相關(guān),本文認為是日本人對中國的輕蔑態(tài)度使得該詞沾染上了歧視的意味,最終變成歧視用語,如書籍、報紙中提到的"支那"總是與落后、骯臟、不思進取等消極的描寫聯(lián)系在一起。第三章主要對日本人稱呼中國為支那的原因展開分析。新井白石的"支那"使用或許是出于追求精確的科學(xué)精神;十八、十九世紀交接的洋學(xué)家的"支那"使用則更多是為了從一切惟中國馬首是瞻、從對中國的絕對崇拜中脫離出來,以宣傳自己的洋學(xué)主張,因此他們選擇了西方人所使用的"支那"代替以往的"唐""中國""中華""漢土"等詞來稱呼中國;進入明治后,"支那"之所以能夠在日本廣泛傳播開來則小學(xué)地理教科書的作用功不可沒。綜上,"支那"在日本的每個階段的傳播和變化都有其特殊的時代背景,而歸根結(jié)底,這些變化實際是日本社會變化的結(jié)果,與日本中國觀的變化、價值觀的轉(zhuǎn)變息息相關(guān)。日本從崇拜、學(xué)習(xí)中國到對中國產(chǎn)生懷疑、直至后來否定、輕視中國,這其中伴隨的還有從尊崇中華文明到尊崇西方文明的價值觀念的轉(zhuǎn)變。雖說"支那"是歧視用語早已是世界范圍內(nèi)公認的事實,但仍然存在一部分人主張使用"支那"是合理的、甚至是必要的,作為證據(jù)他們提出中國歷史上也曾使用"支那"稱呼自己,蠱惑了不少不明就里的人。本文的研究意義在于,提供了一個考據(jù)較為翔實、時間跨度較廣的"支那"變遷史,展現(xiàn)了 "支那"從中性詞到歧視用語的變化過程,通過閱讀本文,那些不明就里的人的疑惑或許可以得到解答。此外,本文嘗試著從更廣泛的視點為"支那"的普及和詞義的變化的原因提供了一個解答。"支那"的歷史變遷實際與日本中國觀的變化、價值觀的轉(zhuǎn)變息息相關(guān)。如果我們離開"支那"先前漫長的歷史,只單獨分析甲午中日戰(zhàn)爭時段的話,我們或許只能將"支那"的流行和貶義化歸為戰(zhàn)爭帶來的偶然。
[Abstract]:"Zhi Na", also made to that, fat that, is the name of the ancient Buddhist classics to China, and for the Chinese people, it is more representative of the painful history of modern times with Japan, is regarded as a very insulting discriminatory term. The change of the Chinese people was abhorrent to the Chinese people; in Japan it was rarely known, but in modern times it became a folk, and even the official name for China. The discussion is to provide the world with a more objective and comprehensive "the" "the" "the" "the" "the" "the" "two topics, one branch of the history of Japan, the two Japanese call China as the reason. Of course, there are real To Huixiu and Misaki Sato Miro's works of pearl jade before, but they only pay attention to" the "itself", we do not learn to know " In this paper, by comparing the other address of Japan to China in the same time, this article is supplemented by more extensive and detailed historical materials, and hopes to describe the process of the popularization of it in Japan more clearly. In addition to the beginning and the end, this article is made up of three chapters. The first chapter focuses on the number of the use of the "Zhi Na", and collate the history of the vicissitude before and after the war from the near world to the Sino Japanese war in the Sino Japanese war from this angle. The world geography books compiled by people, the elementary school geography textbooks after Meiji, the Meiji chronicle of the news integration, and so on. The results are as follows. The "Zhi Na" was introduced into Japan through the Buddhist exchange at first. Although the use of the ancient Japanese "Sina" was very few, the use began to increase in eighteen and nineteenth Century. At the time of the transition, after the Meiji entry, the "Zhi Na" used a great deal of increase, and its popularity in Japan was defined as the name of the general public known as the name of China. This article is considered to be before the Sino Japanese war in the Sino Japanese War of 1894, but not after the Sino Japanese War advocated by most of the previous studies. The second chapter focuses on the change of the meaning of the "Sina". According to the above historical data, the history of the vicissitude of "Zhi Na" before and after the war between China and Japan from the near world to the Sino Japanese War of 1894 was arranged from this angle. The results of the study are as follows: the use of the ancient Japanese "Sina" was mainly influenced by China. The use of Shixin well white stone is of pioneering significance. Its originality lies in the use of "Zhi Na" as the corresponding transliteration of the western language. The use of this method was imitated by some blue scientists in the late eighteenth Century, and the reason why they chose to use "Chicago" to call China, with the use of the "Chicago" of the western countries, was inextricably linked; into Meiji. After that, the diversity of the use of "Chi na" has been further developed and more widely used in the field. Another important issue, the discriminatory problem of the "Chi na", has been discussed in the previous study, but most of them only stay in the conclusion that the "Chi na" is a discriminatory term. The process and reasons for the language have not been fully expanded. The changes in the emotional color of the words are closely related to the language environment used. This article holds that the disdain by the Japanese makes the word discriminate and eventually become a discriminatory term, such as books, and the "Sina" mentioned in the newspaper is always backward, dirty, and not. In the third chapter, the third chapter mainly analyzes the reasons why the Japanese call China the "Sina". The use of Nii Shiraishi's "Yanna" is probably out of the pursuit of the precise scientific spirit; eighteen, the "Yanna" use of the oceanographer, which was transferred in nineteenth Century, was more for the sake of all the Chinese. The absolute worship of the country is divorced from the advocacy of its own oceanography, so they choose the words "Tang", "China" "China", "Chinese" and "Han Tu", used by the Westerners to address China. After the Meiji entrance, the role of the "Yanna" in Japan is widely spread. In the final analysis, these changes are the result of the change of Japanese society, which is closely related to the change of Japan's view of China and the change of values. It is accompanied by the change of values from respecting the Chinese civilization to the respect of Western civilization. Although it is a recognized fact that the phrase "zchinna" is already recognized worldwide, some people still argue that the use of "zyan" is reasonable and even necessary. As evidence, they also put forward the use of "zyan" in Chinese history. The research significance of this article is that it provides a history of the vicissitude of the "chic", which has a more detailed and more detailed time span, and shows the change process of "Zhi Na" from neutral words to the language of discrimination. By reading this article, the doubts of those who are unidentified may be answered. In addition, this article tries to find out. It provides an answer from a broader view of the popularity of the "Sina" and the change in the meaning of the word. The historical changes of "the" "the" "the" historical changes in Japan and the changes in the values of Japan are closely linked. The popularity and derogatory of China belong to the contingency brought by war.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京外國語大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：H36

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