本文關(guān)鍵詞： 回鶻 商業(yè) 研究　出處：《西北民族大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：回鶻是今天維吾爾族、裕固族的共同祖先。公元4世紀,回紇之名始現(xiàn)史書,北魏時為鐵勒一部。605年,形成以回紇為首的聯(lián)盟;646年,在漠北初創(chuàng)游牧政權(quán);744年,回鶻汗國建立。漠北回鶻汗國時期傳統(tǒng)的畜牧業(yè)經(jīng)濟得以迅速發(fā)展,為回鶻商業(yè)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展提供了源動力。在商業(yè)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展下,又帶動回鶻畜牧業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、手工業(yè)的發(fā)展及城市的廣泛建設(shè),回鶻人實現(xiàn)了定居生活。商業(yè)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展成汗國經(jīng)濟的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè),而世居漠北的回鶻族人,重用善于經(jīng)商的粟特人,積極經(jīng)營發(fā)展與周邊民族政權(quán)間的友好關(guān)系,為回鶻對外商貿(mào)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造良好的環(huán)境。漠北回鶻汗國強盛的局面維持了將近一個多世紀,終在內(nèi)憂外患中因無力抵抗天災(zāi)人禍,于840年走向滅亡。漠北回鶻汗國潰亡后,諸部四散流亡,其中一支西遷到河西地區(qū),建立以甘州為中心的回鶻政權(quán);一支西遷到高昌、焉耆一帶,建立以高昌為中心的回鶻王國�；佞X所處的河西、西域地區(qū),不僅是連接?xùn)|西方的橋梁,也是各種商品、文化薈萃地,因回鶻商人善識珍寶,通曉各地語言,成為溝通中西商貿(mào)的中介者,對維護絲綢之路的暢通起到了重要的作用。西遷的回鶻,繼續(xù)與中原諸政權(quán)、西夏、遼、金保持著頻繁的交流,并與西方的阿拉伯、印度、波斯、羅馬等國也進行著頻繁的商業(yè)交往,成為連接?xùn)|西方經(jīng)濟、文化交流的紐帶�；佞X通過與周邊政權(quán)間的經(jīng)貿(mào)往來,獲取巨額經(jīng)濟利潤,憑借其地理位置的優(yōu)勢,控制了絲綢之路這條連接?xùn)|西方經(jīng)濟、文化交流的交通命脈,壟斷了東西方的商業(yè)貿(mào)易,崛起為絲綢之路上的商業(yè)霸主,也成為絲綢之路上一個通過主動經(jīng)商而發(fā)展起來的少數(shù)民族�；佞X政權(quán)存在長達五個世紀之久,對河西走廊、西域及絲綢之路的發(fā)展有著不可磨滅的貢獻。一般情況下,中央政府主導(dǎo)的貿(mào)易,出發(fā)點是服務(wù)于政治的,而我國境內(nèi)的各民族,與周邊其他政權(quán)及民族間的貿(mào)易,一般都是被動貿(mào)易,很少有哪個民族通過主動商業(yè)貿(mào)易發(fā)展壯大的,只有一個例外,那就是回鶻。在研究回鶻商業(yè)發(fā)展史的過程中,可以看到,回鶻的貿(mào)易是主動的,這在元代色目人入居中原形成回族之前,是沒有任何一個民族可與之相提并論的。這一現(xiàn)象對民族的發(fā)展及其強大,文化的交流,文明的傳播都具有全新的理念和啟發(fā)�；佞X以兼容并蓄的民族特點,擅于向其他各民族學(xué)習(xí),以海納百川的心胸,吸收漢、阿拉伯、波斯、印度等文化的精華,發(fā)揚自己的優(yōu)良品質(zhì),來充實、發(fā)展自己的民族文化。在主動對外貿(mào)易中,回鶻人不懼艱險,積極奔走,足跡遍及海內(nèi)外,這也是一個發(fā)展中民族應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)借鑒的。
[Abstract]:The Uighur is the common ancestor of today's Uygur and Yugur. In 4th century, the name Huihe began to appear in history, and in the Northern Wei Dynasty it was a Tailor. In 605, the Uighur formed an alliance headed by Huihe; in 646, the nomadic regime was established in the north of the desert; in 744, The establishment of the Uighur khanate. The traditional animal husbandry economy developed rapidly during the Mobei Uygur period, which provided a source for the development of the Uighur commercial trade. With the development of the commercial economy, the Uyghur animal husbandry and agriculture were also promoted. With the development of handicraft industry and the extensive construction of the city, the Uighurs realized their settled life. The commercial economy developed into the pillar industry of the khanate economy. By actively managing and developing friendly relations with the neighboring ethnic regimes, we have created a good environment for the development of the Uighur's foreign trade and economy. The situation of the strong and prosperous Uygur khanates in the northern desert has been maintained for more than a century. In the end, because of their inability to resist natural and man-made disasters, they died in 840. After the collapse of the northern Uygur khanate, they dispersed and exiled, one of them moved west to the Hexi region to establish a Uighur regime centered on Ganzhou, and one moved westward to Gaochang. In the Yanqi area, a Uighur kingdom centered around Gaochang was established. The Hexi and Xiyu regions, where the Uighurs are located, are not only a bridge linking the East and the West, but also a place of various commodities and cultures, because the Uighur merchants are good at knowing treasures and know the languages of different places. The Uighur, who moved westward, continued to maintain frequent exchanges with the Central Plains regimes, Xixia, Liao, and Jin, and maintained frequent exchanges with the Western Arab, Indian, Persian, and Western Arab, Indian, and Persian. Rome and other countries are also engaged in frequent business exchanges, becoming the link between the East and the West in economic and cultural exchanges. The Uighur has made huge economic profits through economic and trade exchanges with the neighboring regimes, and has relied on its geographical advantages. He controlled the Silk Road, the transportation lifeline that connects the East and the West with economic and cultural exchanges, monopolized the commercial trade between the East and the West, and rose to become a commercial hegemon on the Silk Road. The Uighur regime, which has existed for five centuries, has made an indelible contribution to the development of the Hexi Corridor, the Western region and the Silk Road. In general, the Uyghur regime has made an indelible contribution to the development of the Western Corridor, the Western region and the Silk Road. Trade led by the central government serves politics at the starting point, and the trade between the various ethnic groups in our country, with the surrounding political regimes and ethnic groups, is generally passive trade. Very few ethnic groups have developed and grown through active commercial trade. There is only one exception, that is, the Uighur. In the course of studying the history of business development of the Uighur, we can see that the trade of the Uighurs was active, which was prior to the formation of the Hui nationality in the Central Plains by the Ximu people in the Yuan Dynasty. There is no nation like this. This phenomenon has a completely new concept and inspiration for the development of the nation and its strength, the exchange of cultures and the spread of civilization. The Uighur has an all-inclusive national character. Good at learning from other nationalities, absorbing the essence of Chinese, Arab, Persian, Indian and other cultures in order to enrich and develop their own national culture. The Uighurs, without fear of danger, actively run around the world. This is what a developing nation should learn from.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：F729;K28

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