本文關鍵詞： 小稱標記 漢語方言 音系分析 類型學　出處：《華東師范大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：小稱在語言中是一個普遍的概念,通常用來表小,但同時又有表可愛、喜歡和戲謔的延伸含義。一系列的形態(tài)手段可以用來構成小稱,例如附加詞綴、重疊、改變名詞詞類或詞性,或者改變輔音、元音或聲調。國外有許多對小稱的語言學研究,涉及諸多語言,而國內的研究大多關注描述小稱語料,且學者們大多致力于總結出小稱發(fā)展的時間線,而非找出語料背后的語言共性和結構規(guī)則。此外,國內的小稱研究通常局限于一個方言或一個方言地區(qū),缺少對跨方言和跨方言區(qū)的系統(tǒng)比較和觀察�？偠灾�,漢語小稱的研究需要填補兩方面的空白:一是在生成音系框架下進行系統(tǒng)的分析,二是進行全面的具有類型學意義的研究。因此,本文旨在從不同的漢語方言搜集豐富的小稱語料進行研究,從而填補漢語小稱音系研究的空白。文中作者將來自不同漢語方言的小稱語料進行收集,分類,展示和分析,描繪了小稱手段的概況。同時,文章也援引了當代語言學理論,在生成音系學的框架下詳細分析了這些漢語小稱。本文主要關注了四個問題:(1)就音系結構而言,漢語方言的小稱可以分為幾類?(2)依照當代音系理論,漢語小稱表現出哪些音系行為?(3)哪些音系規(guī)則支配著小稱標記的變化?(4)不同的漢語方言小稱有哪些語言共性?基于對語料的系統(tǒng)分析,本文發(fā)現漢語主要有五種不同的小稱形式,即附加詞綴、音節(jié)融合、小稱變韻、小稱變調和重疊。漢語中附加詞綴的小稱構成又可進一步細分為附加后綴、前綴和中綴。小稱后綴最為豐富,其中兒綴又是使用最頻繁的小稱標記。音節(jié)融合的小稱手段通過一個不能自成音節(jié)的小稱標記與原詞音節(jié)融合來體現小稱,最常見的是通過融合一個卷舌音或者鼻音來標記小稱。漢語中通過音節(jié)融合構成小稱的過程受到漢語音節(jié)結構的制約和影響。小稱變韻的研究主要通過運用特征傳播理論和標記性理論展開。小稱變韻變化的方向趨于通過減少音段來簡化小稱韻,同時向著最無標記性的央元音轉變。另一種小稱標記是小稱變調。小稱變調分為合變式和分變式兩類,這兩種小稱變調都表現出小稱含義和高調具有緊密的關聯(lián)。不過,本章也提出了低調小稱的反例,但是這種特殊的低調通常是為了格外標記小稱含義。小稱重疊包括完全重疊和部分重疊,重疊的部分可能是音段也可能是聲調。基于語料和音系分析,本文提出了漢語小稱的兩大變化趨勢。其中主要的趨勢是變得越來越無標記性,與之相反的趨勢是通過提升標記性突出小稱含義。
[Abstract]:Acronym is a common concept in language, usually used to express small, but at the same time have a lovely, like and playful extension of meaning. A series of morphological means can be used to form small names, such as additional affixes, overlapping, There are many linguistic studies on small names in foreign countries, involving many languages, while most of the domestic studies focus on the description of small scale corpus. Moreover, most scholars are devoted to summing up the time line of the development of small scale, rather than finding out the common language and structural rules behind the corpus. In addition, the study of small scale in China is usually confined to a dialect or a dialect area. There is a lack of systematic comparison and observation of cross-dialect and cross-dialect areas. In a word, the study of small names in Chinese needs to fill in two gaps: one is to carry out systematic analysis in the framework of generating phonology. The second is to conduct a comprehensive typological study. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to collect a wealth of small names from different Chinese dialects for research. In this paper, the author collects, classifies, displays and analyzes the data from different Chinese dialects, and describes the general situation of the megalomorphic means. At the same time, the paper also invokes contemporary linguistic theories. In the framework of generative phonology, this paper analyzes these Chinese nicknames in detail. This paper mainly focuses on four questions: 1) in terms of phonological structure, Chinese dialects can be divided into several categories. According to the contemporary phonological theory, what phonological behavior does the Chinese small scale exhibit? (3) which phonological rules govern the variation of small scale markers? What are the linguistic commonalities in different Chinese dialects? Based on the systematic analysis of the corpus, this paper finds that there are five different forms of small names in Chinese, that is, affixes, syllable fusion and rhyme variation. In Chinese, the minor forms of affixes can be further subdivided into additional suffixes, prefixes and inaffixes. The child affix is also the most frequently used small name mark. The small scale means of syllable fusion embodies the small name by a small name mark which cannot form its own syllable with the original syllable. The most common way is to mark a small name by merging a twistle or nasal sound. The process of forming a small name by syllable fusion in Chinese is restricted and influenced by the Chinese syllable structure. The research on the rhyme of small scale is mainly through the use of characteristics. Spreading Theory and Markedness Theory. The direction of changing the rhyme of small scale tends to simplify the rhyme by reducing the syllables. At the same time, there is a shift to the most unmarked central vowel. The other is the minor variant, which is divided into two categories: the consonant variant and the fractional variant, both of which show a close correlation between the small scale and the high tone. However, This chapter also presents counterexample of low-key nicknames, but this special understatement is usually used to extra mark the meaning of small names. Small-name overlaps include complete overlap and partial overlap. Based on the analysis of corpus and phonology, this paper proposes two major trends of variation of Chinese small names. The main trend is to become more and more unmarked. The opposite trend is to highlight the meaning of a small term by enhancing markedness.
【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：H11

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