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  本文關(guān)鍵詞：西歐中世紀(jì)城堡的區(qū)域影響力研究　出處：《天津師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 西歐 城堡 區(qū)域影響力

【摘要】：城堡這一類獨(dú)特的建筑與西歐中世紀(jì)社會(huì)有著密不可分的聯(lián)系,它代表著領(lǐng)主的權(quán)威,它在中世紀(jì)很長一段時(shí)間里,是領(lǐng)主征服、統(tǒng)治領(lǐng)地的利器。11世紀(jì)以前,由于建筑材料和建筑技術(shù)還比較原始,所以西歐城堡多為土木制作且結(jié)構(gòu)簡單。但是即使是這種原始的城堡,在當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)環(huán)境中面對騎兵和其他士兵的圍攻,也能起到很大的防御作用,保護(hù)領(lǐng)主家庭及其侍從。11、12世紀(jì),隨著城堡開始使用磚石建造,其堅(jiān)固程度大大加強(qiáng),十字軍東征時(shí)期從東方習(xí)得的建筑技術(shù)也優(yōu)化了城堡的結(jié)構(gòu),城堡的防御功能進(jìn)一步提升,城堡影響區(qū)域也在擴(kuò)大,除了保護(hù)領(lǐng)主家庭以外,還能保護(hù)城堡附近的農(nóng)村居民。領(lǐng)主只需派駐少量衛(wèi)戍部隊(duì)即可守住戰(zhàn)略要地,此外在城堡上安置武器讓城堡在一味被動(dòng)防御的基礎(chǔ)上還能有一定主動(dòng)進(jìn)攻作用,對于新征服的鄉(xiāng)村或城市地區(qū),建立城堡作為大本營是有效穩(wěn)固統(tǒng)治的方法。在王權(quán)孱弱,沒有統(tǒng)一安全保障的社會(huì)里,各地領(lǐng)主憑借城堡這一強(qiáng)大的軍事武器能夠安穩(wěn)地統(tǒng)治其領(lǐng)地,也正因城堡有著如此重要的作用,各領(lǐng)主們紛紛建立城堡。同時(shí)在非戰(zhàn)爭時(shí)期,他們也在自己的領(lǐng)地內(nèi)行使政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)大權(quán)。政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事權(quán)力的中心就在封建領(lǐng)主的城堡之中。城堡可能是領(lǐng)主親自管轄,轄區(qū)大、擁有多座城堡的領(lǐng)主也會(huì)設(shè)置堡主代替他行使政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)力。中世紀(jì)早期經(jīng)濟(jì)不發(fā)達(dá),封君封臣制度有權(quán)力碎化的傾向,上至國王,下至堡主這樣的小領(lǐng)主在很長一段時(shí)間里都自給自足,導(dǎo)致城堡這種建筑形式普遍流行,數(shù)量增長。13世紀(jì),隨著農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)率的提高、商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,領(lǐng)主通過莊園獲取利益逐漸降低,農(nóng)民身份變得自由,中世紀(jì)城市開始興起。領(lǐng)主為了獲得工業(yè)品、奢侈品以及保證自己的經(jīng)濟(jì)來源,開始著意促進(jìn)城市的發(fā)展。最初有一部分城市是在城堡附近,城堡影響區(qū)域的安全環(huán)境中自發(fā)形成的,也有領(lǐng)主在城堡外開拓一片區(qū)域給予若干減稅優(yōu)惠政策建設(shè)的。城堡和城市從一開始的對立,走向聯(lián)合發(fā)展。雖然城市有一定的自由活力,但是領(lǐng)主依舊是為了自身利益而發(fā)展城市,期間依舊有諸多壓榨和限制。隨著王權(quán)加強(qiáng),王權(quán)與城市結(jié)合,國王向城市頒發(fā)特許證,城市獲得特許權(quán),市民爭取自治不斷進(jìn)行的斗爭,使越來越多的城市擺脫了地方領(lǐng)主的限制,加之莊園落后的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式,城堡經(jīng)濟(jì)中心的地位向城市轉(zhuǎn)移,政治地位也遭到削弱。14世紀(jì)以后火器在西歐使用,城堡面對這種新式攻擊武器不再是堅(jiān)不可摧的建筑,其軍事防御能力和區(qū)域影響力都減弱了。中世紀(jì)晚期社會(huì)中流行的趨向現(xiàn)代性的生活方式掀起了貴族改造城堡的熱潮,城堡的居住者開始更加重視居住的舒適程度,城堡變得宜居、奢華,不再強(qiáng)調(diào)軍事、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)等功能,而成為一種歷史傳承和象征。
[Abstract]:The unique architecture of the castle is closely related to the medieval society of Western Europe. It represents the authority of the lord. It was conquered by the lord for a long time in the Middle Ages. Before the 11th century, Western European castles were mostly made of civil engineering and simple structures because of primitive building materials and techniques. But even this primitive castle. Facing the siege of cavalry and other soldiers in the social environment at that time, it also played a great defensive role in protecting the lord's family and its attendants in the 12th century, as the castle began to be built with masonry. Its strong degree greatly strengthened, the construction technology learned from the east during the Crusades also optimized the castle structure, the castle defense function further enhanced, the castle influence area also expanded. In addition to protecting the lord's family, he can also protect the rural inhabitants near the castle. The lord needs only a small garrison to secure strategic sites. In addition, the placement of weapons on the castle allows the castle to have a certain active offensive role on the basis of passive defense, for the newly conquered rural or urban areas. Building a castle as a stronghold is an effective and stable way to rule. In a society where Wang Quan is weak and has no unified security, local lords are able to rule their territory safely by virtue of the castle's powerful military weapon. It is because the castle is so important that the lords have built the castle. At the same time, in the non-war time, they also exercise political, economic power. Politics, economy in their own territory. The center of military power is in the castle of the feudal lord. The castle may be under the authority of the lord himself, and the lord, who has many castles, will also set up the castle master to exercise politics in his place. Economic power. In the early Middle Ages, when the economy was underdeveloped, the system of monarchies and ministers tended to break down, from kings to fortresses who were self-sufficient for a long time. As a result of the castle this kind of building form is popular, the quantity growth .13th century, along with the agricultural productivity enhancement, the commodity economy development, the lord obtains the benefit through the manor gradually reduces, the farmer status becomes free. Medieval cities began to rise. Lords began to promote the development of cities in order to obtain industrial goods, luxury goods, and to secure their own financial resources. Some of the cities were originally located near castles. The citadel affected the area in the security environment spontaneously formed, there are lords outside the castle to open up a section of the area to give a number of tax concessions to build the castle and the city from the beginning of the opposition. Towards joint development. Although the city has a certain degree of freedom and vitality, but the lord is still for their own interests to develop the city, during which there are still a lot of squeeze and restrictions. The king granted concessions to the city, the city was granted a concession, and the citizens fought for autonomy, which made more and more cities get rid of the restrictions of the local lord and the backward agricultural production mode of the manor. The economic center of the castle shifted to the city and its political position was weakened. After the 14th century firearms were used in Western Europe and the castle was no longer an invulnerable building in the face of this new attack weapon. Its military defense ability and regional influence were weakened. The popular lifestyle towards modernity in the late Middle Ages set off an upsurge in the transformation of castles by aristocrats. The occupants of the castle began to pay more attention to the comfort of living, and the castle became livable and luxurious. Instead of emphasizing military, political, economic and other functions, the castle became a historical heritage and symbol.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K56

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