本文關(guān)鍵詞：寵物與唐代社會(huì)生活　出處：《安徽大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 寵物 唐代 社會(huì)生活 斗戲 表演

【摘要】：寵物是從家畜發(fā)展而來(lái)的,我國(guó)飼養(yǎng)寵物的歷史可追溯到原始狩獵時(shí)期。唐代,國(guó)內(nèi)外經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流頻繁,動(dòng)物品種日漸豐富。隨著寵物飼養(yǎng)之風(fēng)的興盛,寵物文化得到進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。唐代寵物的種類較多,從生物學(xué)的角度,可分為鳥(niǎo)、獸、蟲(chóng)、魚四類。受尚武習(xí)尚和游樂(lè)風(fēng)氣的影響,唐代的寵物以體形較大的猛獸、猛禽類寵物為主,以小型的禽鳥(niǎo)、蟲(chóng)魚類寵物為輔。從飼養(yǎng)主體看,寵物可以分為宮廷寵物和民間寵物兩種。唐代宮廷寵物主要來(lái)自地方土貢、私人貢獻(xiàn)、域外朝貢;民間寵物主要通過(guò)購(gòu)買、贈(zèng)送和抓捕等途徑獲得。唐代統(tǒng)治者建立了寵物飼養(yǎng)、管理和保護(hù)的相關(guān)制度。就飼養(yǎng)方式而言,以鷹犬、馴象、馴犀及獅子等為代表的大型寵物多飼養(yǎng)于宮廷禁苑之中。唐代帝王設(shè)五坊、雞坊、馬坊和閑廄等專門機(jī)構(gòu)管理寵物,設(shè)立馴獸師、獸醫(yī)以及雜役等專職人員負(fù)責(zé)寵物的馴養(yǎng)與保健工作。而鸚鵡、狗、貓、鶴等小型寵物的飼養(yǎng)較為簡(jiǎn)單易行,多由個(gè)人或家庭飼養(yǎng)。寵物飼養(yǎng)過(guò)程中,存在一些潛在的危害,如寵物傷人、破壞農(nóng)田和農(nóng)作物。所以,唐代統(tǒng)治者們頒布了相關(guān)法令和詔書,對(duì)寵物致害行為和飼養(yǎng)者的賠償限度制定了相應(yīng)的規(guī)范。與此相適,唐人的動(dòng)物保護(hù)觀念也不斷發(fā)展起來(lái)。受儒家仁政思想、道教崇尚自然觀念和佛教"護(hù)生"理念的影響,唐朝統(tǒng)治者曾頒布過(guò)一些禁殺禁貢、慈悲放生的詔書。白居易、薛濤、王維、王建、李紳、許渾、高僧齊己等人紛紛創(chuàng)作詩(shī)詞,鼓勵(lì)將籠養(yǎng)的寵物放歸自然。唐代之前,寵物主要是社會(huì)上層貴族們的玩物。在唐代,寵物飼養(yǎng)的風(fēng)氣從王公貴族階層擴(kuò)展到文人士大夫之流,甚至庶民之家。寵物在唐人的世俗生活和宗教生活中具有重要價(jià)值。在世俗生活中,寵物具有陪伴消遣、觀賞娛樂(lè)、情感慰藉和人生價(jià)值寄托等多方面的價(jià)值。與寵物嬉戲是唐人重要的休閑活動(dòng)。寵物還成為詩(shī)文中的常見(jiàn)意象,或象征著對(duì)愛(ài)情的忠貞,或被文士用以自況,表明心志。唐代以斗雞為代表的斗動(dòng)物戲和以馬舞為代表的舞獸表演十分繁榮,還出現(xiàn)了模仿動(dòng)物姿態(tài)的擬禽戲和擬獸戲。在佛教中,大象、獅子、鸚鵡、鶴、孔雀等禽獸是佛祖的化身。白象代表降生,獅子隱喻法力。鸚鵡、鶴具有忠孝仁義的美德,佛慧極高。青龍、白虎、龜蛇、朱雀則是道教崇信的"四靈"神獸。龍、鳳具有多種動(dòng)物特征,龜蛇具有長(zhǎng)壽和預(yù)知禍福的神性。白虎乃戰(zhàn)伐之神,是權(quán)勢(shì)和尊貴的象征。在佛、道二教思想的影響下,大象、獅子、鶴、鸚鵡、蟲(chóng)、魚、龜、鱉等動(dòng)物都被唐人賦予祥和、富貴之意,具有祥瑞意義。宗教教義中動(dòng)物的正面形象,直接引導(dǎo)人們對(duì)動(dòng)物的認(rèn)識(shí)。寵物性動(dòng)物的宗教形象與世俗形象融合在一起。寵物具有欣賞價(jià)值和陪伴價(jià)值,能夠滿足人們的精神需求。受"天人合一"的居住環(huán)境觀念的影響,文人雅士描繪吟詠的誘導(dǎo)以及宗教因素的刺激,唐人對(duì)寵物的需求日益擴(kuò)大,其價(jià)值不斷攀升,唐代的寵物經(jīng)濟(jì)逐步發(fā)展起來(lái)。隨著唐代寵物飼養(yǎng)活動(dòng)的興盛,出現(xiàn)了一大批善馴禽獸的專家。人們對(duì)寵物的認(rèn)識(shí)更加深入、全面,動(dòng)物研究專著隨之出現(xiàn),這無(wú)疑促進(jìn)了動(dòng)物文化研究的發(fā)展。中唐以后,國(guó)勢(shì)急轉(zhuǎn)直下,初盛唐時(shí)期勇武善戰(zhàn)的時(shí)代精神不再。文士們多有懷才不遇者,他們往往以寵物自況,表明情志。因此,飼養(yǎng)寵物的目的逐漸由功能層面的娛樂(lè)消遣,上升為心理層面的精神撫慰。寵物的大量飼養(yǎng)一方面促進(jìn)了唐代社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化的發(fā)展,豐富了唐人的娛樂(lè)休閑生活和精神生活;另一方面,大量無(wú)實(shí)用價(jià)值的寵物的存在,消耗了巨大的物質(zhì)財(cái)富,助長(zhǎng)了奢靡享樂(lè)的不良之風(fēng)。由于善馴養(yǎng)寵物的人容易受到統(tǒng)治者的重視,越來(lái)越多的人開(kāi)始脫離農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),以馴養(yǎng)寵物為生,一定程度上制約了唐代社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化的良性發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:Pets are developed from livestock, and the history of pets in China can be traced back to the original hunting period. In the Tang Dynasty, the economic and cultural exchanges both at home and abroad were frequent, and the animal varieties were increasingly rich. With the flourishing of pet breeding, pet culture has been further developed. There are many kinds of pets in the Tang Dynasty. From the biological point of view, they can be divided into four types: birds, animals, insects and fish. Affected by the martial practices and recreation atmosphere, the Tang Dynasty pet with larger beasts, birds of prey on small pets, birds, insects fish as pets. From the subject of feeding, pets can be divided into two kinds of court pets and folk pets. The court pets in the Tang Dynasty mainly come from local soil tribute, private contribution and tribute abroad; folk pets are mainly obtained through purchase, gift and capture. The rulers of the Tang Dynasty established the related system of pet raising, management and protection. On the feeding way, with large pet elephant, rhinoceros and hawks, a lion as the representative of the many housed in the palace imperial gardens. The emperors of the Tang Dynasty set up five pet management workshops, workshops, and free chicken Mafang stables and other specialized agencies, the establishment of full-time health care work and domesticated animal trainer, veterinarians and handyman and other staff responsible for pets. The breeding of small pets such as parrots, dogs, cats and cranes is easier and easier to be raised by individuals or families. There are some potential hazards in pet breeding, such as pets, farmland and crops. So, the Tang Dynasty rulers issued relevant laws and edicts, the damage caused by the behavior and pet breeders compensation limit to formulate corresponding norms. As a result, the concept of animal protection in the Tang Dynasty is also developing. Influenced by the Confucian benevolent thought, Taoism and Buddhism "advocating the concept of nature of nursing students" concept, the Tang Dynasty rulers enacted Ban Ban Gong, kill some compassion released letters. Bai Juyi, Xue Tao, Wang Wei, Wang Jian, Li Shen, Xu Hun, Qi Ji monk and others have been writing poetry, will encourage wild pet cage. Before the Tang Dynasty, pets were mainly the playthings of the upper class aristocrats. In the Tang Dynasty, pets ethos extended from the nobility class to the literati class, even the ordinary people's homes. Pets are of great value in the secular and religious life of the people of the Tang Dynasty. In the secular life, pets have many aspects of companionship, entertainment, emotional comfort and the value of life. Playing with pets is an important leisure activity of the Tang Dynasty. Pet has become the common image in the poetry, or a symbol of the loyalty of love, or be used to scribe from, that will. In the Tang Dynasty as the representative of the animal play cockfighting bucket and horse dance as the representative of the beast dance performance is very prosperous, also appeared to play and Play Bird beast to imitate animal posture. In Buddhism, the elephants, lions, parrots, cranes, peacocks and other beasts are the incarnations of the Buddha. The white elephant represents the birth, the lion is metaphorical. The parrot, crane has the virtue of filial piety and righteousness, the Buddha's wisdom is very high. Blue dragon, white tiger, turtle and snake, is Chongxin's "Taoist rosefinch four animal. Dragon and Phoenix has a variety of animal characteristics, has a long and unpredictable fate of turtle and snake deity. The white tiger is the God of war, the symbol of power and dignity. The influence of Buddhism and Taoism two teaching thoughts, elephants, lions, cranes, parrots, insects, fish, turtle, turtle and other animal are given and the rich meaning of Tang Dynasty, with auspicious meaning. The positive image of the animal in religious doctrine directly guides people to the understanding of the animals. The religious image of the pet animal is combined with the secular image. Pets have the value of appreciation and companionship, which can meet the spiritual needs of people. Influenced by the "harmony" concept of the living environment, the literati chant depicting induction and religious factors stimulation, Chinese demand for pet is growing, its value is rising, the pet economy gradually developed in Tang dynasty. With the flourishing of the pet raising activities in the Tang Dynasty, a large number of experts in domesticated animals have emerged. People's understanding of pets is more thorough and comprehensive, and the animal research monograph appears, which undoubtedly promotes the development of animal culture research. After the Tang Dynasty, the early period of the Tang Dynasty was a sudden turn for the worse, brave spirit of the times no longer. Many scholars have the talent, they tend to show that the emotional state of pets. Therefore, the purpose of raising pets gradually from the functional level of entertainment, to the psychological level of spiritual comfort. On the one hand, the mass rearing of pet and promote the development of social economy and culture of the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty rich leisure life and spiritual life; on the other hand, a large number of pets has no practical value, consumption of huge material wealth, contributed to the extravagant bad wind. People who are good at domesticating pets are easy to be attached importance to by the rulers. More and more people start to get away from agricultural production and domesticate pets, which restricts the healthy development of social economy and culture in Tang Dynasty to some extent.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K242

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