中國(guó)近代大學(xué)教科書發(fā)展歷程研究
本文關(guān)鍵詞: 教科書 教科書制度 本土化 出處:《蘇州大學(xué)》2013年博士論文 論文類型:學(xué)位論文
【摘要】:教科書是課程內(nèi)容的重要載體,是課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的文本體現(xiàn)。它不僅是教師設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施教學(xué)活動(dòng)的重要依據(jù),更是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的主要憑借;同時(shí),教科書也在一定程度上承載著社會(huì)的某些價(jià)值觀念,也會(huì)通過許多渠道對(duì)民眾發(fā)生影響。在中國(guó)近代,教科書問題始終是高等教育發(fā)展中的一個(gè)重要問題。 本論文以唯物史觀作指導(dǎo),以中國(guó)近代大學(xué)有代表性的教科書文本為基本資料,通過對(duì)這些教科書編撰思想、內(nèi)容體系、編審制度、出版發(fā)行、選用情況及其教育和社會(huì)效果的分析,探討中國(guó)近代大學(xué)教科書的發(fā)展歷程,分析這些教科書的成敗及其原因,揭示影響中國(guó)近代大學(xué)教科書體系與制度的教育和社會(huì)因素,以及近代大學(xué)教科書的對(duì)教育和社會(huì)的影響,希冀能夠?qū)χ袊?guó)當(dāng)今大學(xué)教科書建設(shè)提供些許借鑒。 中國(guó)現(xiàn)代意義的“教科書”不是中國(guó)本土文化的產(chǎn)物,而是西學(xué)東漸的結(jié)果,是中西文化交流、沖突、融合的產(chǎn)物。隨著中國(guó)近代西學(xué)東漸的深入,西方先進(jìn)的大學(xué)制度及課程理念進(jìn)入中國(guó),直接促成中國(guó)近代大學(xué)制度及課程體系的確立,中國(guó)近代大學(xué)教科書隨之產(chǎn)生。 1877年,在華基督教傳教士在上海召開第一次大會(huì),決定成立“學(xué)校教科書委員會(huì)”為教會(huì)大學(xué)編輯、出版教科書。教會(huì)大學(xué)教科書的宗旨是為宗教服務(wù)。但教會(huì)大學(xué)教科書將西方先進(jìn)的教科書編制理念和科學(xué)內(nèi)容引入中國(guó),客觀上促進(jìn)了中國(guó)近代大學(xué)教科書發(fā)展。 19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初,北洋大學(xué)堂、京師大學(xué)堂等中國(guó)近代大學(xué)逐步設(shè)立。受當(dāng)時(shí)大學(xué)發(fā)展水平所限,京師大學(xué)堂等都是由教習(xí)翻譯西方教科書或自編講義授課。用講義授課體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)近代大學(xué)發(fā)展初期教科書的非規(guī)范化特征,其弊端很明顯,“不僅各異其是,且使學(xué)生缺乏參考書籍,不宜從事比較研究!1此時(shí),中國(guó)大學(xué)教科書主要受日本的影響,主要表現(xiàn)在:直接翻譯日本大學(xué)的教科書;由日本教習(xí)自編教科書;由中國(guó)教習(xí)依據(jù)日本教科書的觀點(diǎn)、體系改編教科書。 五四運(yùn)動(dòng)后,隨著美國(guó)教育理論、大學(xué)制度及教育改革實(shí)踐對(duì)我國(guó)影響的深入,美國(guó)大學(xué)教科書開始在中國(guó)大學(xué)占據(jù)主要地位。北京政府頒布的《大學(xué)令》、《國(guó)立大學(xué)條例》等有關(guān)大學(xué)章程條例,均明確規(guī)定大學(xué)教學(xué)方式及課程設(shè)置全面效仿歐美各國(guó)著名大學(xué)。許多大學(xué)的理科教學(xué)都采用外文教科書,文科各科凡涉及外國(guó)事例的也都使用外文教科書。外文原版教科書具有質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)良、利于學(xué)習(xí)英文、方便教師授課等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但也阻礙了中國(guó)近代學(xué)術(shù)的發(fā)展和獨(dú)立。 20世紀(jì)20年代,隨著中國(guó)近代高等教育的發(fā)展和民族意識(shí)的覺醒,中國(guó)人開始自編教科書。中國(guó)近代大學(xué)教科書開始了本土化進(jìn)程。歸國(guó)留學(xué)生充當(dāng)了編輯教科書的主力。歸國(guó)留學(xué)生并不是單純翻譯外國(guó)教科書,而是根據(jù)他們的學(xué)識(shí)結(jié)合中國(guó)的實(shí)際編寫教科書,力求教科書的本土化。 20世紀(jì)30年代,蔡元培提出“國(guó)化教科書”。商務(wù)印書館率先承擔(dān)起“國(guó)化教科書”的重任,編輯、出版中國(guó)近代第一套系列大學(xué)教科書——大學(xué)叢書。“大學(xué)叢書’的編寫體例、形式、內(nèi)容都呈現(xiàn)出科學(xué)化和本土化的特征。 南京國(guó)民政府時(shí)期,隨著大學(xué)制度的逐步完善和教育學(xué)術(shù)的獨(dú)立發(fā)展,大學(xué)教科書開始進(jìn)入本土化建設(shè)的新階段。國(guó)民政府教育部“鑒于各校及各書局所編之大學(xué)教本雖多,尚未能遍及所有科目,且國(guó)難期間各方經(jīng)費(fèi)均感困難,原有出書計(jì)劃,亦頗受影響”,“乃決定以政府力量完成此舉”2。1939年,教育部專門成立“大學(xué)教科書編輯委員會(huì)”,編輯出版“部定大學(xué)用書”。 隨著中國(guó)近代大學(xué)教科書的發(fā)展,大學(xué)教科書制度也逐漸成型。京師大學(xué)堂和晚清學(xué)部在教科書制度的確立中起到非常重要的作用。民國(guó)后,國(guó)民政府教育部承擔(dān)起教科書的審定任務(wù)。教科書審定制度的確立與完善,在一定程度上保證了教科書的質(zhì)量,但也成為專制政府推行教育宗旨,控制學(xué)生思想的重要手段。 中國(guó)近代大學(xué)教科書引進(jìn)、傳播了西方自然科學(xué)與社會(huì)科學(xué)知識(shí),傳播、發(fā)展了近代先進(jìn)思想,開闊了人們的眼界,使“科學(xué)”與“民主”觀念深入人心。中國(guó)大學(xué)教科書從編輯內(nèi)容到服務(wù)對(duì)象逐漸向民眾轉(zhuǎn)化,,呈現(xiàn)出大眾化趨勢(shì),改變了過去專為封建“達(dá)官士人”編造的狀況。中國(guó)近代大學(xué)教科書加速了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)學(xué)術(shù)體系的消解,促進(jìn)了中國(guó)近代大學(xué)學(xué)科體系的建立。 雖然中國(guó)近代大學(xué)教科書發(fā)展的時(shí)代背景與當(dāng)前大學(xué)教科書建設(shè)面臨的時(shí)代背景有著極大的差異,但近代教科書編纂者所關(guān)注、面對(duì)的問題在中國(guó)目前大學(xué)教科書建設(shè)中依然存在著。中國(guó)現(xiàn)在的大學(xué)教學(xué)中仍存在著講義授課、自編教科書與引進(jìn)教科書的矛盾、教科書編審與選用的矛盾。在當(dāng)前的教科書建設(shè)中,中國(guó)大學(xué)應(yīng)該既堅(jiān)持教科書的編審制度,又充分發(fā)揮廣大教師的教科書自主權(quán);在引進(jìn)外國(guó)先進(jìn)原版教科書的同時(shí),注重大學(xué)教科書的本土化建設(shè),大力弘揚(yáng)民族文化。只有如此,才能建立起具有中國(guó)特色的、現(xiàn)代化的大學(xué)教科書體系。
[Abstract]:The textbook is the important carrier of the course content , it is the text manifestation of the curriculum standard . It is not only the important basis for the teacher to design and implement the teaching activities , but also the main virtue of the student ' s study . At the same time , the textbook also carries some values of the society to some extent , and it will influence the public through many channels . In the modern times of China , the textbook problem is always an important issue in the development of higher education . Based on the historical materialism , this paper discusses the history of the textbook development of modern university in China through the analysis of the author ' s thought , content system , review system , publishing , distribution , selection and educational and social effects of the textbook . It also reveals the educational and social factors that affect the textbook system and system of modern university in China , and the influence of the textbook on education and society in modern university . The textbook of Chinese modern significance is not the product of Chinese native culture , but the result of western learning . It is the product of communication , conflict and fusion of Chinese and Western culture . With the deepening of western learning in modern China , the advanced western university system and curriculum concept enter China , which directly leads to the establishment of modern university system and curriculum system in China . In 1877 , in Shanghai , Christian missionaries held the first general meeting in Shanghai , which decided to set up the School Textbook Committee to compile and publish textbooks for the church university . The purpose of the textbook was to provide religious services . But the textbook of the church university introduced the concept of advanced textbooks and the scientific content into China , which objectively promoted the development of textbooks in modern Chinese universities . At the beginning of the 19th century , China ' s modern universities , such as the Beiyang University and the Beijing Normal University , were gradually established . At that time , the Nanjing Normal University Hall was the non - standardized characteristic of the textbook in the early stage of the development of modern Chinese universities . After the May 4th Movement , as the American educational theory , the university system and the practice of educational reform have influenced China ' s influence , American university textbooks began to occupy the dominant position in China University . With the development of China ' s modern higher education and the awakening of the national consciousness in the 1920s , Chinese people began to compile textbooks . Chinese modern university textbooks began the localization process . In the 1930 ' s , Cai Yuanpei proposed the " National textbook " . The Commercial Press took the lead in undertaking the reemployment , editing and publishing of the first series of university textbooks for the modern China . The author ' s preparation , form and content of the University Series presented scientific and localized features . During the period of Nanjing National Government , with the gradual perfection of the university system and the independent development of the education academic , the university textbook began to enter the new stage of localization . With the development of the textbook of the modern university in China , the textbook system of the university is gradually formed . After the Republic of China , the Ministry of Education of the National Government has played a very important role in the establishment of the textbook system . After the Republic of China , the Ministry of Education of the National Government has assumed the task of reviewing textbooks . The introduction of textbooks of modern university in China has spread the knowledge and communication of natural science and social science in the West , spread and developed the modern advanced thought , widened people ' s horizons , made " science " and " democracy " deeply popular . The textbook of Chinese university has gradually transformed into the masses from the editorial content to the service object . The textbook of China ' s modern university has accelerated the digestion of Chinese traditional academic system and promoted the establishment of the discipline system of the modern university in China . Although the times background of textbook development of modern university in China is very different from that of the current university textbook construction , the problems faced by modern textbook writers still exist in the current university textbook construction . In the current textbooks construction , the Chinese university should adhere to the textbook review system and bring into full play to the contradiction between the textbook compilation and selection . In the current textbooks construction , the university should pay attention to the localization and construction of the university textbooks and carry forward the national culture . Only in this way can we set up a modern university textbook system with Chinese characteristics .
【學(xué)位授予單位】:蘇州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2013
【分類號(hào)】:G649.29
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