本文關(guān)鍵詞：乒乓球運動員在視覺—空間認知加工中的神經(jīng)效率及其神經(jīng)機制　出處：《上海體育學院》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 神經(jīng)效率 乒乓球運動員 視覺-空間認知加工 EEG fMRI

【摘要】：神經(jīng)效率是指個體通過將能量消耗集中在更小的大腦區(qū)域,使得在應對任務過程中的中樞能量資源消耗更少。神經(jīng)效率對于人們完成現(xiàn)實生活中大量需要快速而準確反應的任務而言非常關(guān)鍵,因此對神經(jīng)效率的研究具有重要的實際意義。神經(jīng)效率假說認為,在正確完成給定難度水平的認知任務時,聰明個體的大腦激活更低。鑒于認知與目標動作任務之間具有一些共同的神經(jīng)基礎和運算規(guī)則,研究者們將神經(jīng)效率假說擴展到運動領(lǐng)域,用于解釋運動訓練與中樞資源利用的關(guān)系問題,認為運動員具有更有效的皮質(zhì)功能。然而,關(guān)于運動訓練對運動員大腦神經(jīng)效率的影響,現(xiàn)有研究的結(jié)論不盡一致。此外,目前仍不清楚運動員在認知加工過程中的神經(jīng)效率及其神經(jīng)機制。乒乓球運動屬于隔網(wǎng)對抗性項目,具有速度快、變化多的項目特征。運動員的視覺-空間認知加工能力對他們快速準確地察覺場上變化、判斷來球特征、選擇恰當應對策略并作出合理的運動反應而言極其關(guān)鍵。因此,如何合理有效地分配利用有限的中樞資源來快速完成上述加工過程至關(guān)重要。故而乒乓球運動員為我們了解運動員在視覺-空間認知加工過程中的神經(jīng)效率及其神經(jīng)機制提供了一個理想的選擇。本研究基于認知心理學和認知神經(jīng)科學的視角,在神經(jīng)效率假說理論框架下,采用視覺-空間認知任務,綜合運用腦電技術(shù)、功能性磁共振技術(shù),以乒乓球運動員對由缺口圓和缺口星所構(gòu)成的刺激圖片的識別過程為媒介,探討不同中樞資源消耗水平條件下乒乓球運動員視覺-空間認知加工中的神經(jīng)效率及其神經(jīng)機制。研究結(jié)果顯示,(1)在察覺反應任務中,無論是行為反應還是大腦皮層反應方面,乒乓球運動員與非運動員之間不存在差異。(2)在辨別反應任務中,乒乓球運動員與非運動員在行為反應上沒有差異。在缺口圓條件下,乒乓球運動員的頂區(qū)和枕區(qū)低頻、高頻αERD低于非運動員。乒乓球運動員在右側(cè)頂額區(qū)(P4-F4電極對)、頂中央?yún)^(qū)(P4-C4電極對)的半球內(nèi)低頻αERCoh高于非運動員,在右側(cè)頂額區(qū)(P4-F4電極對)、雙側(cè)頂中央?yún)^(qū)(P3-C3和P4-C4電極對)的半球內(nèi)高頻αERCoh高于非運動員,在中央?yún)^(qū)(C3-C4電極對)和頂區(qū)(P3-P4電極對)的半球間高頻αERCoh高于非運動員;在缺口星條件下,乒乓球運動員與非運動員的低頻與高頻αERD、αERCoh不存在差異。(3)在選擇反應任務中,乒乓球運動員的反應時快于非運動員,正確率與非運動員無差異。在缺口圓條件下,乒乓球運動員的頂區(qū)和枕區(qū)低頻αerd低于非運動員,額區(qū)、頂區(qū)和枕區(qū)高頻αerd低于非運動員。運動員的半球內(nèi)低頻αercoh在左側(cè)頂額(p3-f3電極對)、右側(cè)頂中央?yún)^(qū)(p4-c4電極對)高于非運動員,半球內(nèi)高頻αercoh在雙側(cè)頂中央(p3-c3和p4-c4電極對)和右側(cè)頂顳區(qū)(p4-t8電極對)高于非運動員,在左側(cè)頂枕區(qū)(p3-o1)低于非運動員。半球間低頻αercoh在中央?yún)^(qū)(c3-c4電極對)高于非運動員,半球間高頻αercoh在中央?yún)^(qū)(c3-c4電極對)和頂區(qū)(p3-p4電極對)高于非運動員;在缺口星條件下,乒乓球運動員的額區(qū)、頂區(qū)和枕區(qū)高頻αerd低于非運動員。乒乓球運動員的半球內(nèi)低頻αercoh在雙側(cè)頂中央?yún)^(qū)(p3-c3和p4-c4電極對)高于非運動員,半球內(nèi)高頻αercoh在右側(cè)頂額(p4-f4電極對)、雙側(cè)頂中央(p3-c3和p4-c4電極對)和右側(cè)頂顳區(qū)(p4-t8電極對)高于非運動員;半球間低頻和高頻αercoh在中央?yún)^(qū)(c3-c4電極對)高于非運動員。(4)在選擇反應任務中,乒乓球運動員的反應時快于非運動員,正確率與非運動員無差異。在缺口圓條件下,乒乓球運動員的左側(cè)額中回、右側(cè)額中回眶部、右側(cè)角回、舌回以及左側(cè)小腦腳激活低于非運動員,乒乓球運動員沒有腦區(qū)的激活高于非運動員;在缺口星條件下,乒乓球運動員雙側(cè)額中回、右側(cè)額中回眶部、左側(cè)輔助運動區(qū)、中央旁小葉、楔前葉、左側(cè)緣上回、左側(cè)顳下回、顳中回、舌回、左側(cè)小腦腳等腦區(qū)的激活低于非運動員,乒乓球運動員沒有腦區(qū)的激活高于非運動員。綜合上述結(jié)果,主要得出以下結(jié)論:(1)乒乓球運動員的神經(jīng)效率在一定條件下顯示出遷移性。在中等和高中樞資源消耗水平條件下,乒乓球運動員在對由一般幾何圖形所構(gòu)成的視覺-空間刺激圖片的認知加工中表現(xiàn)出更高的神經(jīng)效率。(2)乒乓球運動員在一般視覺-空間認知加工中的神經(jīng)效率受到任務對中樞資源消耗量的影響。表現(xiàn)為當中樞資源消耗水平低時,運動員與非運動員在視覺-空間認知加工中的神經(jīng)效率沒有差異;當中樞資源消耗水平中等時,運動員與非運動員在對與乒乓球運動項目特征相關(guān)性較高的缺口圓條件下的神經(jīng)效率存在差異;當中樞資源消耗水平高時,運動員與非運動員在對與乒乓球運動項目特征相關(guān)相關(guān)性較高的缺口圓和與乒乓球運動項目特征相關(guān)性較低的缺口星條件下的神經(jīng)效率均存在差異,并在行為指標上體現(xiàn)差異。(3)乒乓球運動員在視覺-空間認知加工中的神經(jīng)效率的潛在機制為訓練所形成的大腦激活選擇性集中特性以及腦區(qū)間良好的功能協(xié)調(diào)性,使得運動員在視覺-空間任務完成過程中消耗的中樞資源節(jié)省化。(4)研究中所涉及的任務對中樞資源消耗水平的不同是目前運動領(lǐng)域中有關(guān)神經(jīng)效率研究結(jié)果不一致的重要原因。研究結(jié)果豐富了關(guān)于運動員大腦神經(jīng)效率的支持證據(jù),為通過速度類運動項目訓練提高神經(jīng)效率提供了依據(jù)。研究結(jié)合EEG與fMRI技術(shù),從不同中樞資源消耗水平的角度,對乒乓球運動員在視覺-空間認知加工中的神經(jīng)效率進行了系列研究,為現(xiàn)有研究結(jié)果的不一致提供了新的解釋,拓展了運動員大腦神經(jīng)效率研究的視角;本研究探討了乒乓球運動員在由一般幾何圖形所構(gòu)成的視覺-空間刺激圖片認知任務中的神經(jīng)效率,揭示了乒乓球運動員神經(jīng)效率的遷移性,有助于進一步理解運動訓練對大腦認知加工神經(jīng)效率的影響。
[Abstract]:Neural efficiency refers to the individual through the consumption of energy concentrated in the brain region is smaller, the central energy resources in response to the task in the process of consumption less. Neural efficiency in real life for people need a lot of fast and accurate response task is critical, because this is of important practical significance to study the neural efficiency neural efficiency. The hypothesis that, in cognitive tasks given the right level of difficulty, clever individual. Given the lower brain activation have some common neural basis and operation rules between cognition and action target task, the researchers will be extended to the neural efficiency hypothesis to explain the relationship between the field of sports, sports training and the central thought of resource utilization. The athlete has more effective cortical function. However, the effect of sport training on Athletes' brain efficiency, existing research. The theory is not consistent. In addition, it is still not clear in the athletes in the cognitive processing of neural efficiency and neural mechanism. Table tennis belongs to an antagonism project, with speed and project characteristics varied. Visual spatial cognitive processing ability of the athletes to them quickly and accurately detect the changes in the field and judgment to choose the appropriate ball characteristics, coping strategies and make a reasonable motion response is extremely critical. Therefore, how to effectively use the central allocation of limited resources to quickly complete the process. It is crucial for us to understand the athletes of table tennis athletes in visual spatial cognitive processing in neural efficiency and its neural mechanism provides an ideal choice. This research is based on cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience perspective, the neural efficiency hypothesis theory, using visual spatial cognition The task, comprehensive use of EEG and functional magnetic resonance imaging, which composed of table tennis players and star pictures gap gap recognition process for the media, to explore the different central level of resource consumption under the condition of table tennis athletes in visual spatial cognitive processing in neural efficiency and neural mechanism. The results showed that (1) in the detection response task, whether behavioral responses or brain cortical reaction, does not exist between table tennis players and non athletes (2). The difference in discrimination reaction task, table tennis athletes and non athletes have no differences in behavioral responses. In the condition of low frequency notched, parietal and occipital region of table tennis tennis players, high alpha ERD lower than non athletes. The top of table tennis players in the right frontal region (P4-F4 electrode on the top (P4-C4), the central electrode of the hemisphere in low frequency) alpha ERCoh than non athletes, in Right parietal frontal region (P4-F4 electrode on the bilateral parietal central (P3-C3), and P4-C4 of the high frequency electrode) hemisphere alpha ERCoh than non athletes, in the central region (C3-C4 electrode (P3-P4 electrode) and the top area of the hemisphere) between high frequency alpha ERCoh than non athletes; the gap in the star under the condition of table tennis players and non athletes with low frequency and high frequency of alpha ERD, alpha ERCoh (3). There is no difference in choice reaction task, table tennis athletes faster than non athletes, the correct rate of no difference with non athletes. In the condition of low frequency notched, parietal and occipital region of a ERD is lower than that of table tennis players athletes, the frontal, parietal and occipital region of high alpha ERD lower than non athletes. Athletes in the left hemisphere in low frequency ercoh alpha parietofrontal (p3-f3 electrode), right parietal region (p4-c4 electrode pair) was higher than that of non athletes, hemisphere high frequency alpha ercoh in bilateral parietal central (p3-c3 and p4-c4 electrodes On the right side) and parietal area (p4-t8 electrode on) was higher than that of non athletes, in the left parieto occipital region (p3-o1) is lower than non athletes. The low frequency inter hemispheric alpha ercoh (C3-C4 electrode pair) in the central area is higher than that of non athletes, inter hemispheric alpha ercoh (C3-C4 frequency in the central area of electrode (P3-P4 electrode) and the top zone of) higher than non athletes; the gap in the star under the condition of table tennis players in the frontal, parietal and occipital region of high frequency alpha ERD is lower than that of non athletes. Table tennis players in the hemisphere low frequency alpha ercoh in bilateral parietal central (p3-c3 and p4-c4 on the electrode) was higher than that of non athletes, half ball in high frequency in the right frontoparietal (alpha ercoh p4-f4, the top electrode on the bilateral central (p3-c3) and p4-c4 on the electrode) and right parietal area (p4-t8 electrode) is higher than that of non athletes; inter hemisphere low frequency and high frequency of alpha ercoh in the central area (the C3-C4 electrode is higher than that of non athletes). (4) in the choice reaction task, the reaction time of table tennis players Faster than non athletes, the correct rate of no difference with non athletes. In notched conditions, table tennis players of the left middle frontal gyrus, right middle frontal orbital back, right angular gyrus, lingual gyrus, left cerebellar activation feet lower than non athletes, table tennis players without the activation of brain is higher than non athletes in; the gap star under the condition of table tennis athletes in the bilateral middle frontal gyrus, right middle frontal orbital back and left supplementary motor area, paracentral lobule, precuneus, left supramarginal gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus, lingual gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, left cerebellum, feet and other brain regions is lower than non athletes, the activation of table tennis players no brain region is higher than that in non athletes. The above results, we draw the following conclusions: (1) of table tennis athletes show the migration of neural efficiency under certain conditions. In the middle and high school. The level of resource consumption under the condition of table tennis athletes in the general geometry A graphic visual spatial cognitive stimulation in the image shows higher neural efficiency. (2) of table tennis players on the central task is affected by the consumption of resources in general neural efficiency of visual spatial cognitive processing. Performance for pivot level of resource consumption is low, athletes and non athletes in the nerve the efficiency of visual spatial cognitive processing in no difference; when the central resource consumption level of medium, the neural efficiency of athletes and non athletes in notched conditions on the characteristics and the table tennis sports higher correlation under the difference; when the central resource consumption levels are high, there are differences in neural efficiency in athletes and non athletes in the lower and the table tennis sports characteristics related to higher correlation with the gap and table tennis project feature correlation gap star conditions, and the behavioral indicators on the body This difference. (3) the potential mechanism of table tennis athletes in neural efficiency visual spatial cognitive processing in the formation of the training of the brain and brain concentration characteristics of selective activation interval good functional coordination, make the athlete save in visual spatial tasks in the process of central resource consumption. (4) the sports field the neural efficiency for different results is an important reason for the level involved in the study on the central task of resource consumption. The results enrich the evidence about athletes brain efficiency, provide the basis for the speed of the sports training to improve the neural efficiency. Research on the combination of EEG and fMRI technology, different from the central the level of resource consumption point of view, to carried out a series of table tennis players in neural efficiency of visual spatial cognitive processing, for the existing research results are not consistent To provide a new interpretation, expand the research of athletes brain efficiency perspective; this study explores the neural efficiency of table tennis athletes in general geometry composed of visual spatial stimulus pictures during cognitive tasks, reveals the table tennis athletes in the migration of neural efficiency, is helpful for understanding the effect of exercise training on the brain neural cognitive processing efficiency.

【學位授予單位】：上海體育學院
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：G846

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