本文關(guān)鍵詞：近代以來西方公平思想在中國的傳播及影響　出處：《揚州大學》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 西方公平思想 馬克思主義公平思想 傳播 影響 市場經(jīng)濟

【摘要】：公平問題在中西方的歷史上是一個歷久彌新的話題。中國古代春秋戰(zhàn)國時期人們就開始了對公平問題的探究,從對“公”、“平”、“正”、“義”的闡釋到對大同社會的美好憧憬,展示了人們對于公正平等社會的向往。西方對公平問題的探究在古埃及就有文字記載,表明公平最初是同人們的勞動實踐及分配活動聯(lián)系在一起的,隨著社會的不斷發(fā)展,特別是隨著西方資本主義市場經(jīng)濟的逐漸完善,西方的公平思想在不同時期形成了不同的理論派別。中西方歷代先賢們的公平思想對于當前中國在社會主義市場經(jīng)濟條件下認識和解決公平問題仍然具有啟發(fā)意義。20世紀七十年代末,中國社會自改革開放之后,開始了從計劃經(jīng)濟向社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的轉(zhuǎn)型時期,人們的思想觀念、社會資源配置方式以及分配方式出現(xiàn)了多元化的局面,社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的法律環(huán)境、運行程序是一個逐步完善的過程,在此過程中出現(xiàn)了收入差距不斷擴大的現(xiàn)象,特別是非市場原因?qū)е碌氖杖氩罹嗖粩鄶U大,反映收入分配平等程度的基尼系數(shù)已經(jīng)超過世界公認的警戒線;改革中各種矛盾的階段性和集中性爆發(fā),深層次社會矛盾的顯現(xiàn),使得公平問題成為人們關(guān)注的熱點和焦點問題。國家和政府也非常重視公平問題,從最初的“效率優(yōu)先,兼顧公平”到“初次分配注重效率,再分配注重公平”,再到“初次分配和再分配都要處理好效率和公平的關(guān)系,再分配更加注重公平”顯示了政府解決公平問題的過程與決心。從市場經(jīng)濟的角度梳理近代以來西方公平思想在中國的傳播與影響,探析不同歷史時期西方公平思想在中國傳播的歷史環(huán)境、傳播主體、傳播內(nèi)容、傳播媒介、傳播受眾以及傳播效果,總結(jié)歸納其中的教訓和經(jīng)驗,對于在社會主義市場經(jīng)濟條件下分析、解決當代中國的公平問題可以提供某些借鑒和啟示,具有理論和現(xiàn)實意義。論文采用了多種研究方法。在堅持馬克思主義辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義的前提下,采用歷史學方法、政治學方法、傳播學方法等,對近代以來在中國傳播的主要西方公平思想進行跨學科綜合研究。論文內(nèi)容包括緒論及六章內(nèi)容。論文在緒論部分介紹了研究意義、國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀、論文研究方法與結(jié)構(gòu)、基本概念的界定。在基本概念的界定部分,闡述了“公平”、“公正”、“正義”的異同,介紹了公平的類型等,指出了平等是衡量公平的重要指標。論文梳理了西方歷史上的公平思想,篩選出了近代以來在中國傳播的主要西方公平思想,包括基督教神學公平思想、契約論公平思想、功利主義公平思想、拉斯基民主社會主義公平思想、羅爾斯的分配正義論、諾齊克的權(quán)利正義論、德沃金的資源平等論、沃爾澤和米勒的多元正義論,馬克思主義公平思想也是產(chǎn)生于西方的公平思想,但在性質(zhì)上與西方其他公平思想截然不同,所以在分類上單獨列出。分析了上述公平思想在西方產(chǎn)生的歷史背景,并對這些公平思想進行概括、歸納、提煉。西方公平思想隨著列強的侵略涌入中國�；浇躺駥W早在唐朝時期就傳入中國,在鴉片戰(zhàn)爭之后隨著《圣經(jīng)》完整譯本在中國的出現(xiàn),基督教神學公平思想開始系統(tǒng)地傳入中國,傳教士作為基督教神學公平思想的傳播主體,通過直接講道、寫作或翻譯書籍、創(chuàng)辦教會學校、發(fā)行報刊等方式進行基督教神學公平思想的傳播。基督教神學公平思想在內(nèi)容上具有麻醉性、消極性,鴉片戰(zhàn)爭后被列強利用充當了文化侵略的工具,奴化和馴順中國人民,以利于列強的殖民侵略;另一方面,基督教神學公平思想在客觀上沖擊了封建社會的等級秩序,成為太平天國的理論來源之一,“上帝面前人人平等”也是西方平等思想在中國發(fā)展的一個重要階段。契約論公平思想是隨著中國半殖民地化程度的不斷加深傳入中國的。資本—帝國主義的入侵加速了中國自然經(jīng)濟的解體,客觀上促進了商品經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,促進了中國資本主義的發(fā)展,代表新興資產(chǎn)階級利益和愿望的資產(chǎn)階級改良派認為不僅要學習西方先進的科學技術(shù),還要學習西方的政治制度及思想文化,西方的進化論思想、天賦人權(quán)思想、三權(quán)分立思想等逐漸傳入中國。契約論公平思想源自霍布斯、洛克、盧梭,其主要內(nèi)容包括人人生而平等、人人擁有自然權(quán)利(天賦人權(quán))等。資產(chǎn)階級早期改良派王韜、鄭觀應、何啟、胡禮垣較早地接觸到或傳播了天賦人權(quán)思想;資產(chǎn)階級改良派康有為、梁啟超、嚴復對契約論公平思想的間接或直接傳播產(chǎn)生了較大的影響。資產(chǎn)階級革命派楊廷棟、鄒容、劉光漢、陳天華、孫中山也傳播了契約論公平思想。西方契約論公平思想是資產(chǎn)階級改良派和革命派反對封建專制主義的思想武器,促使了民眾國民意識、權(quán)利意識的提高;但也由于救亡圖存的工具性,在傳播過程中疏離了西方契約論公平思想的本意,從而導致了影響的變異。五四新文化運動時期改造社會的熱潮促使了公平思想的廣泛傳播。在五四新文化運動改造社會的熱潮中馬克思主義公平思想開始傳入與傳播,功利主義公平思想也得到了傳播。早期馬克思主義者李大釗、李達、陳獨秀、陳望道、毛澤東等通過在一些報刊上發(fā)表文章、翻譯出版書籍、成立馬克思主義研究機構(gòu)等方式對馬克思主義公平思想進行了傳播;一些國民黨人也推動了馬克思主義公平思想的傳播;“問題與主義”之爭促進了馬克思主義公平思想的傳播。此時期傳播的馬克思主義公平思想主要是社會制度公平思想,即鏟除資本主義剝削制度,實現(xiàn)社會主義、共產(chǎn)主義的美好社會,對經(jīng)濟公平也有一些探討。胡適、高一涵等在知識界傳播功利主義公平思想。功利主義公平思想影響主要在理論層面,是五四時期“民主”的思想資源,“科學”的重要內(nèi)容,是改造國民性、增強國民個人權(quán)利意識的理論依據(jù);馬克思主義公平思想指出了公平社會的新方向,其影響在不斷擴大,并且開始從理論走向?qū)嵺`。20世紀三四十年代馬克思主義公平思想與其他公平思想展開博弈。具體來說,馬克思主義、自由主義(民主社會主義)、新專制主義在制度公平方面進行理論與實踐的博弈。李達、李一氓、吳亮平(吳黎平)、郭大力、王亞南通過在報刊上發(fā)表文章、翻譯出版馬克思主義著作傳播了馬克思主義公平思想,中國共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導對于馬克思主義公平思想的傳播發(fā)揮了重要促進作用。中國20世紀三四十年代的自由主義思潮的主要組成部分是民主社會主義,主要傳播者是羅隆基、張君勱、張東蓀、施復亮等人。民主社會主義的實質(zhì)是資產(chǎn)階級的改良主義,所謂“計劃化民主國家”的公平社會難以實現(xiàn)。新專制主義覆亡、自由主義式微、馬克思主義(新民主主義)勝利,這是歷史和人民的抉擇。中華人民共和國成立后三十年,馬克思主義公平思想在踐行中出現(xiàn)了曲折,在建立相對公平的基本制度之后,馬克思主義公平思想在實踐中進行了探索,出現(xiàn)了波折,由最初的追求平等到陷入了平均主義的誤區(qū)。此時期傳播的馬克思主義公平思想主要是社會制度公平思想、分配公平思想。馬克思主義的分配公平思想認為社會主義社會的分配原則是權(quán)利原則和按勞分配原則,在共產(chǎn)主義社會則是按需分配原則。諸多主客觀因素影響了中華人民共和國成立后對馬克思主義公平思想的解讀與實踐,使之附著了中國傳統(tǒng)大同思想與平均主義的色彩。改革開放后,隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,公平思想的傳出現(xiàn)了新氣象,因此從市場經(jīng)濟的視角分析當今中國社會對公平正義思想的吁求,從起點公平、機會公平、結(jié)果公平方面透析西方公平思想的影響。傳播的主要西方公平思想包括羅爾斯的分配正義論、諾齊克的權(quán)利正義論、德沃金的資源平等論、沃爾澤和米勒的多元正義論。馬克思主義公平思想在改革開放的實踐中得到了新的發(fā)展,發(fā)展了的馬克思主義公平思想仍然居于主導地位,可批判借鑒西方其他流派的公平思想,以利于中國社會主義市場經(jīng)濟下公平正義理論體系的構(gòu)建。馬克思主義公平思想的傳播歷程啟示我們在當今時代應充分發(fā)揮中國共產(chǎn)黨的各類傳播主體的潛力、充分發(fā)掘各類傳統(tǒng)傳播媒介和新媒介的功能,還應重視馬克思主義公平思想的中國化實踐,以增強馬克思主義及其公平思想的傳播力,鞏固其主導地位。
[Abstract]:Fair problem in western history is a timeless topic. The ancient people in the spring and Autumn period Chinese began to explore the fairness, from the "public", "flat", "positive", "righteousness" to explain to the beautiful vision of Datong society, showing the people for justice and equality in society the yearning. Western issues of fairness research have recorded in ancient Egypt, that is people's first fair labor practices and distribution activities together, with the continuous development of society, especially with the western capitalist market economy gradually improved, the fair thought in the West has formed the theory of different schools in different periods in the history of Western thought. Fair sages for the current China under the condition of socialist market economy and solve the problem of fairness are still inspiring in the.20 century at the end of 70s, China The society since the reform and opening up, began a transformation period from the planned economy to the socialist market economy, people's ideology, social resource allocation and distribution appears diversification, the legal environment of the socialist market economy, the operation procedure is a process of gradual improvement, the widening income gap phenomenon in this process in particular, resulting in non market reasons of the widening income gap, reflect the distribution of income inequality has exceeded the world recognized warning line; in the reform stage of various contradictions and the concentration of the outbreak, deep-seated social contradictions, the fair has become a hotspot and focus of attention of the state and the government. Also attaches great importance to the fair problem, from the initial "efficiency first, fairness" to "initial distribution focus on efficiency, with focus on the public. Ping ", then to" the initial distribution and redistribution must handle the relationship between efficiency and fairness, the redistribution of paying more attention to fairness "shows the process and the determination of the government to solve the problem of justice. From the angle of market economy since the Western fair thought in combing the modern China propagation and influence of different historical periods of Western thought in the dissemination of China fair the historical environment, communication subject, communication content, media, audience and communication effect, summarize the lessons and experience for the analysis in the condition of socialist market economy, solve the fairness problem when the generation of China can provide some reference and inspiration, has theoretical and practical significance. This paper uses a variety of research methods. Based on the Marx doctrine of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, using historical method, method of political science, communication methods, on the past Since the generation of interdisciplinary research in the major Western fair thought. The thesis Chinese communication includes introduction and six chapters. The thesis introduces the significance of the research in the introduction part, the research status at home and abroad, and the structure of the thesis research methods, the definition of basic concepts. In the part of defining the basic concepts, expounds the "fair", "justice", "justice" of the similarities and differences, introduces the types of fairness, pointed out that equality is an important index to measure the fair. This paper reviews the fair thought of Western history, selected in modern times in the main western fair Chinese spread ideas, including Christian theology fair thought, contract theory, fair thought, fair thought of utilitarianism Laski, socialist democratic thought, Rawls's theory of distributive justice, justice Dworkin Nozick's rights, equality of resources, multi justice and Miller Walzer The fair thought of Marx doctrine fair thought is produced in the west, but the other thought and Western fairness in nature is different, so are listed separately in the classification analysis. The fair thought in the west of the historical background, and the fair thought summarized, summed up and refined. With the aggression of western justice thought the influx of Chinese. Christian theology was introduced into China early in the Tang Dynasty, after the Opium War, with the complete Bible translation appeared in China, Christian theology fair thought began to spread Chinese, missionaries as Christian theology of the fair thought of communication subject through direct preaching, writing or translation of books, the founder of the church school, communication and distribution the press by means of Christian theology. Christian theology thought fair fair thought of a narcotic, in the content of negative, after the Opium War Use as cultural aggression by the Western powers tool of enslavement and Chinese tame people, in order to facilitate the powers of colonial aggression; on the other hand, Christian theology fair thought impacted feudal society rank objectively, become one of the theoretical sources of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, "an important stage of" equality before God is western equal thought in the development of contract theory. China fair thought is China with semi colonial deepening into Chinese. Invasion of capital imperialism has accelerated the disintegration of Chinese natural economy, promoted the development of commodity economy, promote the development of China capitalism, on behalf of the bourgeois improved bourgeois interests and aspirations the school believes that not only to learn western advanced science and technology, but also to learn the political system and ideology and culture of the west, the evolution of Western ideas, talent The idea of human rights, the three powers thought gradually spread. Chinese contract justice thought from Hobbes, Rock, Rousseau, and its main contents include createdequal, everyone has a natural rights (human rights). The bourgeois reformist Wang Tao, Zheng Guanying, He Qi, Hu Liyuan earlier access to or dissemination of human rights the bourgeois reformists thought; Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Yan Fu on the contract directly or indirectly spread fair thoughts have a greater impact. The bourgeois revolutionaries Yang Tingdong, Zou Rong, Liu Guanghan, Chen Tianhua, Sun Zhongshan also spread the contract fairness thought. Western contract theory fair thought is the bourgeois reformists and revolution ideological weapon against the feudal despotism, the people of national consciousness, rights awareness; but also because the tools of national salvation, in the dissemination process of the alienation of the Western contract theory The fair thought intention, which leads to the influence of variation. Social transformation period 54 of the new culture movement promotes the wide spread of the fair thought. In the transformation of society 54 New Culture Movement in the upsurge of Marx's fair thought began to spread and spread, utilitarian justice thinking has also been spread. Early Marx's Li Dazhao Li Da. Chen Duxiu, Chen Wangdao, Mao Zedong, etc. in some newspapers published articles, translation and publication of books, the establishment of the Marx doctrine research agencies such as the spread of Marx's fair thought; some Kuomintang also promoted the dissemination of Marx's fair thought; "problems and doctrines" promoted the spread of Marx's justice thought the spread of ideas. Marx's fairness is the social system that is fair thought, eradicate capitalist system of exploitation, The realization of the socialist and Communist society, there are also some discussion on economic justice. Hu Shi, Gao Yihan in intellectual circles spread ideas. Influence of utilitarianism utilitarianism fairness justice thought mainly in the theoretical level, is the 54 period of "democracy" ideological resources, an important content of "science", is the national transformation, enhancement the theoretical basis of national consciousness of individual rights; Marx's fair thought pointed out a new direction of social fairness, its influence is expanding constantly, and starting from theory to practice.20 century 30s and 40s Marx's fair thought and other fair thought to start the game. Specifically, the Marx doctrine, Liberalism (democracy), game theory and practice in the system of fairness of the new despotism. Li Da, Li Yimang, Wu Liangping (Wu Liping), Guo vigorously, Wang Yanan through the publication in the newspapers. Chapter, translation and publication of Marx's works spread Marx's fair thought, the leadership of the Communist Party of Chinese played an important role in promoting the spread of Marx's fair thought. The main part of China twentieth Century 30s and 40s liberalism is democratic socialism, the main disseminators are Luo Longji, Zhang Junmai, Zhang Dongsun, et al. Shifuliang essence of democracy socialism is bourgeois reformism, the so-called "social equity plan of democracy" is difficult to achieve. New despotism fall, liberalism declined, the Marx doctrine (New Democracy) victory, this is the choice of history and people. Thirty years after the establishment of People's Republic of China, Marx's fair thought in practice appeared in the twists and turns. After the establishment of the basic system is relatively fair, Marx's fair thought in practice are explored, The twists and turns, from the initial to the pursuit of equality in egalitarian misunderstanding. In this period the spread of Marx's thought is the main social system fair fair thought, fair distribution of ideas. Marx's thought that the fair distribution of the principle of distribution of the socialist society is the right principle and the principle of distribution according to work, in the Communist society is required the principle of distribution. Many subjective and objective factors affect the interpretation and practice of Marx's justice thought after the founding of People's Republic of China, to adhere to China traditional datong thought and equalitarianism color. After the reform and opening up, with the development of socialist market economy, the fair thought of the emergence of new weather, so the analysis of the current China society of fairness and justice ideological appeal from the perspective of market economy, from the starting point of fairness, equal opportunity, fair results in West fair thought Want to influence. The spread of Western thought mainly including fair distributive justice theory of Rawls, Nozick's theory of justice Dworkin rights, equality of resources, the theory of pluralistic justice Walzer and Miller. Marx's fair thought is the new development in the practice of reform and opening, the development of the thought of Marx's Fair still occupies a dominant position can draw a fair criticism, Western ideas of other schools, in order to build a socialist market economy Chinese justice theory system. Communication process of enlightenment Marx doctrine justice thought we should give full play to the Communist Party of Chinese all kinds of communication subject in today's era of potential, fully explore all kinds of traditional media and new media features, also should pay attention to Marx's justice thought China practice, to strengthen the Marx doctrine and the fair thought propagation force, consolidate the Dominant position.

【學位授予單位】：揚州大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D08
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本文編號：1415636