本文關(guān)鍵詞：明清時期貴州民田制度研究　出處：《云南大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 民田所有權(quán) 民田用益物權(quán) 民田登記 契約文書 明清時期 貴州

【摘要】：沿著從“結(jié)構(gòu)和動因”到“功能和意義”的研究路徑,運用法社會學(xué)理論和物權(quán)理論對明清時期貴州民田的所有權(quán)制度、用益物權(quán)制度和登記制度、明清時期貴州民田制度變遷及其啟示等問題進(jìn)行了探討,重點分析了明清時期貴州民田制度的結(jié)構(gòu)、特征、成因及功能。本文由五個部分構(gòu)成：緒論、明清時期貴州的政治背景和社會背景、明代貴州民田制度、清代貴州民田制度、明清時期貴州民田制度變遷及其啟示。緒論部分論述了選題緣由,對研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了述評,闡述了研究思路和研究方法,介紹了創(chuàng)新點,說明了資料來源。第一章詮釋了明清時期貴州的政治背景和社會背景。清代貴州的政治背景與明代貴州的政治背景既有共性,又有個性。兩者的共性是：改土歸流；清代貴州的政治背景的個性是：對苗疆的控制。明清時期貴州民田制度與明清時期貴州的政治背景和社會背景的關(guān)系為互動關(guān)系,相互影響,相互作用。如明代貴州民田制度的改革有利于推動“改土歸流”,明代貴州推行的移民制度有助于逐漸改變“夷多漢少”的社會局面,明清時期貴州的“改土歸流”也影響明清時期貴州民田制度的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。第二章運用了物權(quán)法理論探討了明代貴州民田的所有權(quán)制度、用益物權(quán)制度、登記制度。從橫切面看,明代貴州民田制度呈現(xiàn)了以下幾個方面的特征。第一明代貴州民田所有權(quán)制度和民田用益物權(quán)制度相對簡約,明代貴州民田登記制度相對完整。明代貴州有兩次大范圍的官府登記民田的記載,通過此兩次民田記載可以發(fā)現(xiàn)明代貴州民田制度包括了民田登記范圍、民田登記的內(nèi)容、民田登記的法律性質(zhì)、民田登記的法律效力及貴州民田登記模式等諸方面的內(nèi)容。進(jìn)而言之,明代貴州民田登記制度已較完整,這說明一個問題：明代貴州官府注重民田的使用和開發(fā),關(guān)注民田的田賦。第二,明代貴州耕地所有權(quán)為戶主制。此種制度形成與古代中國家長負(fù)責(zé)制、小規(guī)模農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營、漢民和衛(wèi)所官兵家屬的農(nóng)耕文化、世居少數(shù)民族的農(nóng)耕文化、“重農(nóng)抑商”政策等因素相關(guān)。明代貴州林地所有權(quán)處于萌芽階段,并未形成明代貴州林地所有權(quán)制度,這與明代貴州林木資源非稀缺、世居少數(shù)民族的游牧生活或半游牧生活、明代貴州之外的地域?qū)γ鞔F州林木資源需求等因素相關(guān)。第三,明代貴州民田所有權(quán)變動制度蘊含了“物歸原主”的物權(quán)法原則�！拔餁w原主”的物權(quán)法原則反映在不同的“物歸原主”規(guī)則之中,“物歸原主”原則反映了明代貴州民田所有權(quán)絕對化和極強(qiáng)追溯力。第四,明代貴州非常重視苗疆民田所有權(quán)的法律保護(hù)。明代貴州從兩個層面對苗疆民田所有權(quán)加以法律保護(hù),即在立法層面,通過刑法保護(hù)苗疆民田所有權(quán),在司法實踐中,卻通過民事習(xí)慣法加以保護(hù),充分發(fā)揮鄉(xiāng)土精英和家族權(quán)威人士的作用。明代貴州苗疆民田保護(hù)制度折射了[美]黃宗智先生的經(jīng)典觀點：民事法律表達(dá)與實踐不一致。第五,明代貴州民田租佃制不發(fā)達(dá),倒是民田開荒制度和民田拋荒制度既是明代貴州民田用益物權(quán)制度中一個重要制度,又是富有特色的用益物權(quán)制度,它的特色有二：一是鼓勵開荒民田和耕種拋荒民田,二是它是推動“改土歸流”的重要誘因。第三章分析了清代貴州民田的所有權(quán)制度、用益物權(quán)制度和登記制度。清代貴州民田所有權(quán)制度發(fā)達(dá),其內(nèi)容也極其豐富,如它包括了賦予荒地和拋荒地耕種者的完整民田所有權(quán)、田土所有權(quán)繼受取得的附隨義務(wù)、田面權(quán)取得的契約化、民田轉(zhuǎn)讓制度、田土贖買制度、田土股權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓制度、田土互換制度、田土分割制度、田土繼承制度、田土所有權(quán)民間確認(rèn)制度、苗民田土所有權(quán)保護(hù)制度、清代黔東南碑刻上的田土所有權(quán)制度及清代貴州田土所有權(quán)糾紛解決制度等。清代貴州民田所有權(quán)制度蘊含了豐富的物權(quán)法原則和理念,如田土所有權(quán)繼受取得的附隨義務(wù)包含了“從物附隨主物”的物權(quán)法原則,田面權(quán)取得的契約化包含了“物權(quán)債權(quán)形式變動”理念,田土互換制度和田土股權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓制度蘊含了“物盡其用”的物權(quán)法原則,田土分割制度蘊含了“物權(quán)權(quán)能分離”的物權(quán)法原則。清代貴州民田用益物權(quán)制度也極其發(fā)達(dá),其內(nèi)容也較多,它包括了山林租佃制度、人工造制度林、護(hù)林制度、 祖墳土地使用制度、苗疆民田租佃的規(guī)制、田土抵當(dāng)制度、清代貴州民田開荒制度、拋荒制度及其從誠信的視角看清代貴州民田契約文書等。清代貴州民田用益物權(quán)制度不但包含了物權(quán)法原則和理念,而且包含了民法的基本原則——誠實信用原則。如山林租佃制度包含了“買賣不破租佃”的物權(quán)法理念,人工造林制度、護(hù)林制度和田土抵當(dāng)制度包含了“物盡其用”的物權(quán)法原則。清代貴州民田登記制度也相對完整,它包括了民田登記范圍、民田登記的內(nèi)容、民田登記的法律性質(zhì)、民田登記的法律效力及貴州民田登記模式等諸方面的內(nèi)容。與明代貴州民田制度比較而言,清代貴州民田制度呈現(xiàn)以下幾個方面的特征：一是清代貴州民田的田底權(quán)和田面權(quán)分立(一田二主)已成為常態(tài)。民田的田底權(quán)和田面權(quán)分立既是清代貴州農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的必然趨勢,又是物權(quán)權(quán)能分離的具體體現(xiàn),更是“物盡其用”物權(quán)法原則的折射。二是契約是民田權(quán)利變更的主要方式。授田是明代貴州民田權(quán)利變更的主要方式,而契約則是清代貴州民田權(quán)利變更的主要方式,如清代貴州出現(xiàn)大量的契約文書。三是民田權(quán)能分離更為突出。明代貴州民田權(quán)能也呈現(xiàn)多元分離的趨勢；清代貴州民田權(quán)能分離更為突出,如民田用益物權(quán)體系更為完整,尤其是民田的擔(dān)保物權(quán)契約極為規(guī)范。結(jié)語部分闡述了明清時期貴州民田制度的變遷及其啟示。明清時期貴州的府、州管轄的民田、衛(wèi)所管轄的民田、土司領(lǐng)地的民田及“生界”的民田之間的關(guān)系是此消彼長的博弈關(guān)系。 明清時期貴州不同類型民田關(guān)系的變遷軌跡為：衛(wèi)所管轄的民田、土司領(lǐng)地的民田及“生界”的民田逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化為府、州管轄的民田。明清時期貴州不同類型民田的博弈關(guān)系與明清時期貴州民田制度的變遷軌跡之間具有內(nèi)在關(guān)聯(lián)性,即明清時期貴州不同類型民田的博弈關(guān)系與明清時期民田制度變遷軌跡的關(guān)系是內(nèi)容與形式的關(guān)系,是目的與手段的關(guān)系,是作用與反作用的關(guān)系。如明清時期貴州不同類型民田關(guān)系的變遷軌跡使“明清時期貴州民田制度變遷軌跡——從象征資本到經(jīng)濟(jì)資本”由可能變成了現(xiàn)實,明清時期貴州不同類型民田關(guān)系的變遷軌跡使“明清時期貴州民田變遷軌跡——從身份到契約”提供了物質(zhì)條件,反過來,明清時期貴州民田權(quán)能變遷軌跡：從統(tǒng)一到分離也為明清時期貴州不同類型民田關(guān)系的變遷軌跡提供了技術(shù)規(guī)范和倫理規(guī)范。明清時期貴州民田制度對解決農(nóng)村土地制度改革中一些突出問題仍有啟示。明代貴州民田拋荒制度對現(xiàn)行農(nóng)民集體所有農(nóng)用地拋荒的啟示有三：一是鼓勵耕種拋荒民田。二是確認(rèn)拋荒民田權(quán)利。三是追究人為拋荒者的責(zé)任。清代貴州林地制度對集體林權(quán)制度改革的啟示有二：一是完善林地開發(fā)和使用的誠信機(jī)制。二是林地權(quán)能分離。清代貴州民田所有權(quán)糾紛解決制度對民族村寨旅游扶貧糾紛解決的啟示有三：一是規(guī)范農(nóng)村土地所有權(quán)變動合同。二是大力培育解決土地糾紛的民間職業(yè)人。三是強(qiáng)化司法判決的獨立性和權(quán)威性。
[Abstract]:Along from the "structure and motivation" to "the function and significance of the study path, the system of ownership of the Ming and Qing Dynasties Guizhou min Tian theory and property right theory of social law, usufructuary right system and registration system, the Ming and Qing Dynasties Guizhou min Tian system changes and its implications are discussed, focusing on analysis of the structure of Guizhou. The land system of the Ming and Qing dynasties characteristics, causes and functions. This paper consists of five parts: the introduction, the Ming and Qing Dynasties Guizhou's political and social background of the Ming Dynasty, the people of Guizhou Tian system, Qing Dynasty Guizhou min Tian system, Guizhou min Tian system changes during the Ming and Qing Dynasties and its enlightenment. The introduction discusses the significance of the topic, the current situation of the study the review describes the research ideas and research methods, introduces the innovation, explains the sources of information. The first chapter explains the Ming and Qing Dynasties Guizhou's political and social background of the Qing Dynasty in Guizhou. The political background of the Ming Dynasty and the political background of Guizhou has commonness and individuality. The two common: chieftain; Qing Dynasty the political background of Guizhou's personality is: control of the Miao. The relationship between the Ming and Qing Dynasties Guizhou min Tian system during the Ming and Qing Dynasties Guizhou's political and social background of the interaction between each other effect of interaction, such as the reform of the Ming Dynasty. The people of Guizhou Tian system is conducive to promoting the "chieftain" in the Ming Dynasty, Guizhou implementation of the immigration system helps to gradually change the "Yi douhan less" social situation in Guizhou during Ming and Qing Dynasties "chieftain" also affects the structure and function of the people of Guizhou Tian system in Ming and Qing Dynasty. The second chapter uses the theory of property law of the Ming Dynasty Guizhou people land ownership, usufruct system, registration system. From cross section, Guizhou min Tian system in Ming Dynasty has the following characteristics. First The people of Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty Tian min Tian ownership and usufruct system is relatively simple, the people of Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty Tian Ming Guizhou relatively complete registration system. There are two major official registration tamida records, the records can be found two min Tian Ming Guizhou min Tian min Tian system includes the scope of registration, registration of the Min Tian the content, the legal nature of the registration of Min Tian min Tian, the legal validity of registration and registration of Guizhou min Tian mode and other aspects of the content. Furthermore, the people of Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty land registration system is more complete, this shows a problem: the use and development of Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty government focus on the field of people, concerned about people's livelihood field land tax. Second. The Ming Dynasty Guizhou cultivated land ownership headed. And the ancient China parents responsibility for such a system, small scale farming, the families of Han and Wei and farming culture, ethnic minorities in the farming culture, "agriculture Business suppression policy related factors. The Ming Dynasty Guizhou forest ownership at an early stage, has not formed in Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty land ownership system, the Guizhou non forest resources scarce, ethnic minorities in the nomadic or semi nomadic life, factors in the outside of the Guizhou region of the Ming Dynasty in Guizhou forest resource requirement. Third, change system the people of Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty Tian ownership contains "property law" to its origin owner. "Reflect the principles of property law in different to its origin owner" of the "rules" to its origin owner ", reflects the Ming Dynasty to its origin owner" principle of absolute ownership and the people of Guizhou Tian strong retroactivity. Fourth, the Ming Dynasty Guizhou attaches great importance to the legal protection in the field of ownership the Ming Dynasty in Guizhou. From two aspects of legal protection of ownership in the field of people, namely, at the legislative level, through the protection of criminal law in the field of people of all Right, in the judicial practice, is protected by civil law, give full play to local elites and the family authority. The Ming Dynasty Guizhou Miao min Tian protection system reflects the classical view [America] Mr. Huang Zongzhi: civil law expression and practice are not consistent. Fifth, the Ming Dynasty Guizhou min Tian tenancy system is not developed, it is an important system of civil field system and farmland reclamation system is not only the people of Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty people Tian usufructuary right system, it is characteristic of the usufruct system, it has two characteristics: one is to encourage people and farming land reclamation Tian Tian is two people, it is to promote the "chieftain" an important cause. In the third chapter of the Qing Dynasty Guizhou min Tian ownership system, usufructuary right system and registration system of Guizhou in Qing Dynasty. Min Tian ownership system developed, its content is very rich, as it includes giving wasteland and land farming The complete field of people ownership, land ownership in the acquisition of collateral obligation, contract of tenancy rights obtained by Min Tian transfer system, land purchase system, land ownership transfer system, land exchange system, land division system, land inheritance system, land ownership system of folk confirmation, Miao tamida soil ownership protection system of Qiandongnan in Qing Dynasty, inscriptions on land ownership and land ownership disputes in Guizhou in the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty Guizhou Tian min system of ownership system contains the principles and concepts of property law rich, such as land ownership in the acquisition of collateral obligation includes the "property law principle from accompanying the main" the contract of tenancy rights have included "property rights form change" concept, the land system and the land swap equity transfer system contains the "best use" principle of property law, land division system contains "Property law principles of property right separation". The people of Guizhou in Qing Dynasty Tian usufructuary right system is extremely developed, its content is more, it includes the forest tenancy system, artificial forest system, forest protection system, the system of land use regulation in graves, min Tian tenancy, arrived when the land system of Guizhou in Qing Dynasty tamida wasteland system, land system and its integrity from the perspective of the people of Guizhou in the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty Guizhou contract documents Tian min Tian usufruct system not only includes the principles and concepts of property law, but also includes the basic principles of the civil law, the principle of good faith. The mountain forest tenancy system includes "property law concept does not break the tenancy deal." artificial afforestation system, forest protection system and land system includes the "property law: the principle of making the best use of everything". The Qing Dynasty Guizhou min Tian registration system is relatively complete, it includes the registration scope of Min Min Tian Tian Deng. Remember the content, the legal nature of the registration of Min Tian min Tian, the legal validity of registration and registration of Guizhou min Tian mode and other aspects of the content. In the Ming Dynasty and Guizhou min Tian system comparison, Guizhou min Tian system in Qing Dynasty showed the following characteristics: one is the Qing Dynasty Guizhou Min Tian Tian bottom right and the right field surface discrete (two main fields) has become the norm. The field of land ownership and land rights division of Guizhou in the Qing Dynasty is the inevitable trend of agricultural economic development, but also a concrete manifestation of the separation of property right, it is "refraction material" property law principle. Two is the contract is the main way of people the right to change. Professor Tian Tian is the main way of the Ming Dynasty Guizhou people the right to change the field, but the contract is the main way of the Qing Dynasty Guizhou people the right to change the field, such as the emergence of a large number of contract documents of Qing Dynasty in Guizhou. The three is the field of people power is more prominent. The separation of the Ming Dynasty Guizhou people Tian Quan Have multiple separation trend; Qing Dynasty Guizhou min Tian power separation is more prominent, such as the field of usufructuary right system more complete, especially the field of people guarantee real right contract is very standard. The conclusion part elaborates the change of Guizhou min Tian system in Ming and Qing Dynasty and its enlightenment. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties Guizhou state government, under the jurisdiction of the people Tian Wei, under the jurisdiction of the civil field, the relationship between the people and the "Tian Tusi territory area" Min Tian is the shift in the game between the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Guizhou. Changes of different types of relations: Min Tian Wei Tian territory under the jurisdiction of the people, the people and the toast "circles" Tian Tian gradually into the state government, under the jurisdiction of the people. With the inherent correlation between field evolution of Guizhou min Tian system in Ming and Qing Dynasty Guizhou min Tian different types of game relationship with the Ming and Qing Dynasties, namely the game relationship between the Ming and Qing Dynasties Guizhou field and different types of people The relationship between the Ming and Qing Dynasties tamida institutional evolution is the relationship between content and form, is the relationship between purpose and means, is the interaction between the evolution of Guizhou in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. As different types of relationship between "Min Tian Guizhou in Ming and Qing Dynasties min Tian institutional evolution -- from symbolic capital to economic capital" may become a the reality, changes in Guizhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties in different types of relationship between "Min Tian min Tian Ming and Qing Dynasties Guizhou changes -- from status to contract" provides material conditions, in turn, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties Guizhou min Tian power change trajectory: from unification to separation for different types of changes in the Ming and Qing Dynasties Guizhou people relationship provides Tian technical specification and code of ethics of Ming and Qing Dynasties. The people of Guizhou Tian system to solve some outstanding problems in the reform of rural land system in the Ming Dynasty Guizhou people still have enlightenment farmland system. The current collective farmers all abandoned agricultural land has three implications: one is to encourage farming land. The two is to confirm the abandoned people Tian min Tian rights. Three are held artificially abandoned the responsibility. For the collective forest tenure reform in Guizhou in the Qing Dynasty land system in China has two: one is the mechanism to improve the integrity of the development and use of forest land two. Forest land is power separation. System of tourism disputes solved three enlightenment of ethnic villages in Guizhou in the Qing Dynasty to solve min Tian ownership disputes: one is to regulate the rural land ownership changes in the contract. Two is to cultivate the settlement of land disputes. Three folk occupation is strengthening the independence and authority of judicial judgment.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：云南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D929
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本文編號：1411271