本文關(guān)鍵詞：遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享國際規(guī)則研究　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 遺傳資源 生物剽竊 獲取與惠益分享 國際規(guī)則

【摘要】：伴隨生物科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,各國爭相競逐的天然資源越來越多,而其中競逐最為激烈的就是生物遺傳資源。從遺傳資源到基因產(chǎn)品再到基因經(jīng)濟(jì),是當(dāng)今社會(huì)發(fā)展的一個(gè)新特點(diǎn),也是法律所面臨的一個(gè)重要課題。不過,由于遺傳資源在各國的分布并不均衡,導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)大量的生物剽竊現(xiàn)象,因此,國際上將遺傳資源如何獲取、保存和研究利用列為重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的問題,而有關(guān)遺傳資源使用者與提供者之間的矛盾如何協(xié)調(diào),或者說如何實(shí)現(xiàn)遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享的有效管制也成為焦點(diǎn)問題予以研究探討。為了解決上述問題,本文首先以對“生物剽竊”現(xiàn)象的研究為突破,找到其發(fā)生的本質(zhì)原因,一是由于遺傳資源分布情況和自身的價(jià)值特點(diǎn)所決定,二是因?yàn)榘l(fā)達(dá)國家與發(fā)展中國家之間的利益訴求不同而導(dǎo)致。針對這一現(xiàn)象,國際社會(huì)幾經(jīng)努力,通過系列國際公約形成了基本的國際規(guī)則框架:1992年的生物多樣性公約(Convention on Biological Diversity,以下簡稱CBD)明確規(guī)定了遺傳資源國家主權(quán)原則,同時(shí)建立了遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享(Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-sharing,ABS)的原則性規(guī)范;2001年完成了對糧食和農(nóng)業(yè)植物遺傳資源國際公約(International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture,以下簡稱ITPGRFA)的修訂工作,ITPGRFA首次設(shè)立了農(nóng)民權(quán),承認(rèn)農(nóng)民在遺傳資源保護(hù)和可持續(xù)使用方面的貢獻(xiàn),同時(shí)明確規(guī)定了農(nóng)民所具有的權(quán)利,并建立了農(nóng)民對于傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)的保護(hù),惠益分享及參與決策的權(quán)利,保障農(nóng)民在現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用的權(quán)益。同時(shí),ITPGRFA制定了糧農(nóng)植物遺傳資源取得的具體規(guī)則,多邊系統(tǒng)的惠益分享制度和國際基因庫的新規(guī)則;2002年,《獲取遺傳資源和公平公正地分享通過利用遺傳資源所產(chǎn)生惠益的波恩準(zhǔn)則》(以下簡稱《波恩準(zhǔn)則》)在生物多樣性第六次締約方大會(huì)上獲得了批準(zhǔn)。其在CBD三大原則的基礎(chǔ)上對遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享方面作出一些具體規(guī)定,并且確定了惠益分享的基本程序;2010年10月,《生物多樣性公約關(guān)于獲取遺傳資源和公平公正地分享其利用所產(chǎn)生惠益的名古屋議定書》(以下簡稱《名古屋議定書》)在名古屋召開的生物多樣性第十次締約方大會(huì)上獲得了通過�！睹盼葑h定書》中所規(guī)定的惠益分享?xiàng)l款為原則性條款,反映了遺傳資源提供國的總體訴求,重申了CBD的三大原則,能夠?yàn)檫z傳資源提供國國內(nèi)立法的完善起到一定指引的作用,同時(shí)也約束和規(guī)范了遺傳資源利用者的行為,具有一定的法律效力。目前,遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享的國際規(guī)則主要包括事先知情同意,共同商定條件,公平合理的惠益分享和遺傳資源來源披露。具體規(guī)則在實(shí)際運(yùn)用當(dāng)中也會(huì)遇到各種問題,如事先知情同意規(guī)則下的反公用現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn),遺傳資源來源披露規(guī)則適度性要求的把握。通過對問題的分析來找到避免問題出現(xiàn)的方法,以使國際規(guī)則在具體運(yùn)用中的效力能得到實(shí)現(xiàn),從根本上解決遺傳資源各方的利益沖突,實(shí)現(xiàn)各方利益的最大化。雖然國際上已經(jīng)建立了遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享的國際規(guī)則,但是,對于規(guī)則的理解與適用仍然存有一定爭議,利益博弈也非常復(fù)雜,至今也沒有一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的解決方案。鑒于此,本文在國際法規(guī)制研究之下,通過對遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享現(xiàn)有國際規(guī)則的分析,來尋求國際規(guī)則從確立到實(shí)施,從內(nèi)容到糾紛解決機(jī)制整體上體現(xiàn)了相對的公平與正義,是一個(gè)利益相對平衡的制度設(shè)計(jì)。通過對遺傳資源國際規(guī)則的普適性考察得出盡管在遺傳資源中存有利益沖突,各國也根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際情況主張不同的權(quán)益,但在規(guī)則普適性上只是存在合理性不足,而非對該規(guī)則喪失了完全的服從與尊重,規(guī)則的制定在整體上滿足了各方對其的合理性期待。在已有國際規(guī)則之下,我國應(yīng)該結(jié)合自己的實(shí)際情況,找準(zhǔn)自身的角色定位,通過加強(qiáng)國內(nèi)立法工作,將國際規(guī)則有效轉(zhuǎn)化為國內(nèi)法中的相關(guān)內(nèi)容,同時(shí)加強(qiáng)執(zhí)法環(huán)節(jié)和其他相關(guān)配套設(shè)施的健全來完善我國遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享制度的建立,在立法完善的過程中尋求并實(shí)現(xiàn)我國遺傳資源利益的最大化。本文在論文實(shí)際寫作過程中可預(yù)創(chuàng)新之處和遇到的難點(diǎn)主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:首先,本文運(yùn)用合理性與可行性及動(dòng)態(tài)利益平衡為研究視角來對遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享的國際規(guī)則進(jìn)行評析,是一點(diǎn)創(chuàng)新。其次,在探討遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享問題中,關(guān)于理論深度的探討上如何能不浮光掠影地研究,如何注重說理,增加法理學(xué)方面的論證是一項(xiàng)難題。再次,在遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享國際規(guī)制的分析與評價(jià)中,如何論證遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享國際規(guī)則的合法性及合理性;如何在動(dòng)態(tài)利益平衡中平衡遺傳資源提供者與利用者之間的利益,遺傳資源提供者與社會(huì)公眾的利益,遺傳資源提供者之間的利益是一個(gè)難題。最后,在遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享的解決路徑上,針對我國遺傳資源保護(hù)的現(xiàn)狀分析,如何找準(zhǔn)遺傳資源定位,找到制定我國遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享規(guī)則中問題存在的原因,如何將國際規(guī)則有效地轉(zhuǎn)化為國內(nèi)法,以確保我國遺傳資源擁有者利益的最大化,相關(guān)現(xiàn)有資料較少,為研究增加難度。
[Abstract]:With the progress of biological science and technology, natural resources are becoming more and more countries compete, which compete for the most intense is the biological genetic resources. From genetic resources to gene to gene product economy, is a new feature of today's social development, but also an important issue faced by law. However, due to genetic resources in the distribution is not balanced, resulting in a large number of bio piracy phenomenon, therefore, how the international general access to genetic resources, preservation and research use as a key concern, and the contradiction between the users and providers of genetic resources, how to coordinate, or how to achieve effective regulation of access to genetic resources and benefit sharing has become focus to study. In order to solve the above problems, this paper begins with the research of "biopiracy" as the breakthrough, find the essence of primary students Because, one is the value of genetic resources and its distribution characteristics of the decision, two is due to the interests between developed and developing countries. Aiming at this phenomenon, the international community has several efforts, forming the basic framework of international rules by international conventions: Convention 1992 CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity, hereinafter referred to as CBD) clearly stipulates the principle of state sovereignty on genetic resources, and establish access to genetic resources and benefit sharing (Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-sharing, ABS) norms; 2001 completed the plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (International Treaty on Plant International Convention Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Hereinafter referred to as ITPGRFA) revision, ITPGRFA established the first farmers' rights, recognizing farmers in the protection of genetic resources and The sustainable use of contribution, and defined the farmers have rights, and the establishment of the farmers for the protection of traditional knowledge, benefit sharing rights and participation in decision-making, protecting farmers' rights and interests in the development and application of modern agricultural technology. At the same time, ITPGRFA has developed specific rules of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture has been the multilateral system the benefit sharing system and the new rules of international gene library; 2002, "access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources of the Bonn guidelines (hereinafter referred to as the" Bonn guidelines > >) has been approved in the biological diversity of the sixth conference of the parties on the access to genetic resources in. Based on the CBD three principles of sharing and benefit to make some specific provisions, and established the basic program of benefit sharing; October 2010, "Convention on biological diversity on access to genetic resources The source of fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilization of the Nagoya Protocol "(hereinafter referred to as the" Nagoya Protocol ") held in Nagoya, the biological diversity at the Tenth Conference of the parties was required by the Nagoya protocol." benefit sharing in terms of principles, reflect the genetic resources to provide overall demands in China, reiterated that the three principles of CBD, can provide the perfect domestic legislation plays a certain role for the guidance of genetic resources, but also restrict and regulate the behavior of the utilization of genetic resources, has certain legal effect. At present, access to genetic resources and benefit sharing of the international rules including prior informed consent and the agreed terms, disclosure of fair and reasonable benefit sharing of genetic resources and sources. The specific rules will encounter various problems in practice, such as prior informed consent under the rules The anti common phenomenon, the origin of the genetic resources disclosure rules of moderate requirements grasp. Through the analysis of the problem to find ways to avoid the problems, so that the effectiveness of international rules in practical application can be realized, the parties to resolve the conflict of interest of genetic resources fundamentally, realize the maximization of the interests of all parties. Although international has already set up access to genetic resources and benefit sharing of the international rules, but for the understanding and application of the rules are still controversial, the interests of the game is also very complicated, is still not a unified solution. In view of this, this article under the regulation of international research, through the acquisition and analysis of existing international rules and benefit sharing the benefits of genetic resources, to seek international rules from the establishment, from the content to the dispute settlement mechanism on the whole reflects the relative fairness and justice, is a relative interest The balance of system design. Based on the international rules of the genetic resources of the universality of the investigation concluded that although there is a conflict of interest in genetic resources in the world, also according to their actual situation that different interests, but the rules of universal rationality only insufficient, rather than the rules of lost complete obedience and respect. The formulation of the rules on the whole to meet the rationality of expectations of their parties. Under the existing international rules, China should combine their own actual situation, identify their role, through the strengthening of domestic legislation and the international rules of the effective transformation of relevant content in domestic law, and strengthen law enforcement and other related the perfect facilities to improve our establishment of the access to genetic resources and benefit sharing system, seeking to maximize genetic resources and realize the interests of our country's legislation in the process in this paper. The actual writing process can be pre innovations and the difficulties mainly reflected in the following aspects: first, the rationality and feasibility of dynamic balance of interests as the research perspective on access to genetic resources and benefit sharing of the international rules of assessment, is an innovation. Secondly, on access to genetic resources and sharing benefit, on the depth of the theory on how to study how to pay attention to skimming over the surface, reasoning, increase jurisprudence argument is a difficult problem. Thirdly, in the access to genetic resources sharing analysis and evaluation of international regulation and benefit, how to verify the access to genetic resources and benefit sharing of the international rules and legitimacy rationality; how to balance and utilization of genetic resources providers interests in the dynamic balance of interests, the providers of genetic resources and the interests of the public, the genetic resources provided For the interests between a problem. Finally, in the access to genetic resources and benefit sharing solutions, according to the analysis of the status quo of the protection of genetic resources in our country, how to identify the genetic resource location, find the reason in our country to make access to genetic resources and benefit sharing rules in the problems existing in the international rules effectively into domestic law, to maximize the genetic resources of our country have the benefit of existing data is less, increase the difficulty for the study.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：D996.9

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