本文關(guān)鍵詞：馬克思革命框架中的民主思想及當(dāng)代價(jià)值　出處：《上海社會(huì)科學(xué)院》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 馬克思 唯物史觀 革命 暴力 民主

【摘要】：馬克思的民主思想無(wú)疑是一個(gè)具有爭(zhēng)議性的話題。在國(guó)外的理論研究中,馬克思的理論體系是否存在民主思想的組成部分是值得懷疑的,即使有不少學(xué)者肯定馬克思民主思想的存在,但是,這也是從批評(píng)的角度展開的,并最終將馬克思的民主思想納入極權(quán)主義民主的脈絡(luò)。當(dāng)然,不排除一些國(guó)外學(xué)者為馬克思的民主思想所作的辯護(hù),只是,這一辯護(hù)多數(shù)落入自由主義民主的譜系,要么一味否定馬克思有關(guān)暴力、專政的論述,要么通過(guò)自由主義民主重構(gòu)馬克思的革命理論體系�？梢�(jiàn),國(guó)外學(xué)界在馬克思民主思想問(wèn)題上還是存有較大爭(zhēng)議的。問(wèn)題在于,不管是肯定亦或否定馬克思的民主思想,其提供的理由和證據(jù)都是不充分的。方面,國(guó)外對(duì)于馬克思民主思想的研究并沒(méi)有深入到馬克思的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)之中,即唯物史觀以及相應(yīng)的革命分析框架；另一方面,國(guó)外研究也容易忽視馬克思所處的歷史語(yǔ)境,即作為革命年代的19世紀(jì),以及相應(yīng)的民主在當(dāng)時(shí)所具有的革命內(nèi)涵。與國(guó)外馬克思民主思想研究不同,國(guó)內(nèi)在馬克思民主思想問(wèn)題上基本上持有較為一致的看法,即肯定馬克思主義的階級(jí)民主和新型民主。自20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)在馬克思民主思想研究領(lǐng)域,基本上立足于階級(jí)分析方法,提出與資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主相對(duì)立的無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主。從一開始在階級(jí)分析框架中,民主缺乏自身的理論和實(shí)踐空間,到后來(lái)肯定無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主的可能性,最后,基于國(guó)家與社會(huì)關(guān)系的視角為無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主提供充分依據(jù)。但是,國(guó)內(nèi)馬克思民主思想研究也存在巨大的不足。首先,階級(jí)分析方法容易將所有制關(guān)系變成階級(jí)得以成立的一個(gè)重要依據(jù),可是,這與馬克思由唯物史觀到革命分析框架、再到階級(jí)理論的邏輯并不一致；其次,階級(jí)民主也并不完全符合19世紀(jì)民主所蘊(yùn)含的革命內(nèi)涵；最后,國(guó)內(nèi)馬克思民主思想研究的立足點(diǎn)在于階級(jí)分析方法,這導(dǎo)致研究進(jìn)路創(chuàng)新的困難,很難在階級(jí)分析方法之外提供有關(guān)馬克思民主思想新的內(nèi)容。針對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外馬克思民主思想研究所存在的一系列問(wèn)題,如何突破各種束縛和障礙,真正回歸馬克思的民主內(nèi)涵,這要求從兩個(gè)層面展開。第一,基于馬克思的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)展開馬克思民主思想的研究,即通過(guò)唯物史觀以及由唯物史觀所引申出的革命分析框架來(lái)分析馬克思的民主理論；第二,承認(rèn)并肯定民主在19世紀(jì)所具有的革命內(nèi)涵,其既不同于之后民主在歐美國(guó)家發(fā)展成為成熟的自由民主和選舉政治,也不同于簡(jiǎn)單的階級(jí)民主對(duì)立。唯物史觀作為馬克思理論體系的重要組成,也構(gòu)成其邏輯展開的方法論基礎(chǔ)。馬克思通過(guò)實(shí)踐完成對(duì)哲學(xué)的革命,即消滅哲學(xué)。隨著哲學(xué)革命的完成,向政治革命的轉(zhuǎn)向就成為自然而然的結(jié)果。并且,哲學(xué)的消滅意味著實(shí)踐開始“下降”到勞動(dòng)實(shí)踐領(lǐng)域,勞動(dòng)實(shí)踐領(lǐng)域的矛盾構(gòu)成了政治革命和社會(huì)革命的根源所在。由此可見(jiàn),唯物史觀的確立即革命分析框架的完成,馬克思正是通過(guò)革命這一框架性概念展開其全部政治概念的內(nèi)涵,如民主、專政、暴力、階級(jí)等。民主在馬克思的理論體系中具有兩重屬性：一、民主作為無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命的路徑選擇之一,即革命手段和革命方式的問(wèn)題。民主亦或暴力作為馬克思在無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命路徑問(wèn)題上的選項(xiàng)構(gòu)成,二者相互依存、不可或缺,其選擇的差異在于國(guó)情以及相應(yīng)的階級(jí)狀況。馬克思從未在民主與暴力之間作出取舍,二者共同服務(wù)于革命這一總的目標(biāo)。在這一點(diǎn)上,民主作為一種革命的時(shí)代特征表現(xiàn)突出。二、民主作為無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)政治組織的形式,即無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)政治組織與民主形式之間存在著“天然的親和性”。無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)通過(guò)解決勞動(dòng)實(shí)踐領(lǐng)域的矛盾,基于平等的原則,必然采取民主的組織形式,如普選、監(jiān)督、隨時(shí)撤換等。基于革命分析框架可以看出,馬克思的民主思想不能簡(jiǎn)單等同于之后的階級(jí)民主理論,其包含更多的內(nèi)容。馬克思對(duì)于資本主義條件下民主運(yùn)行的批評(píng),并不是針對(duì)民主本身,而是指向民主革命內(nèi)涵的缺失以及民主在資本主義條件不能充分實(shí)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題。隨著無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)政治革命的推進(jìn),民主充分實(shí)現(xiàn)的障礙得以消除,那么,無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)政治組織與民主形式之間的“天然親和性”也是自然而然的結(jié)果。當(dāng)然,馬克思之后民主的理論和實(shí)踐都面臨著劇烈的變遷,這一方面在于馬克思理論體系自身所包含的一些潛在張力和不足,另一方面也在于不同研究者、闡釋者對(duì)馬克思革命理論體系的重構(gòu),特別是革命形勢(shì)變遷所帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)和問(wèn)題,如資本主義對(duì)于民主的吸納等。所有這些問(wèn)題預(yù)示著：準(zhǔn)確、合理地理解馬克思的民主思想尤為必要。馬克思民主理論對(duì)于中國(guó)民主建設(shè)有著非常重要的意義,這一民主的革命內(nèi)涵首先有助于對(duì)抗主流資本主義有關(guān)民主的普遍化和“標(biāo)簽化”。中國(guó)的民主建設(shè)延續(xù)了階級(jí)對(duì)立和階級(jí)民主,側(cè)重于民主的特殊性和差異性,而馬克思民主理論的革命內(nèi)涵賦予了民主以一般性、普遍性,改變中國(guó)民主在與主流資本主義民主競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中的弱勢(shì)地位。其次,馬克思的民主處于革命分析框架之中,相比于階級(jí)分析框架,民主成為第一位的問(wèn)題,它既是無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)政治組織的當(dāng)然形式,也在無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命歷史邏輯中得以真正的實(shí)現(xiàn)。并且,通過(guò)重新認(rèn)識(shí)階級(jí)性、厘清專政與民主的關(guān)系、統(tǒng)一革命與民主,可以為民主的生存與發(fā)展提供充分的空間。
[Abstract]:Marx's democratic thought is undoubtedly a controversial topic. Theoretical research in foreign countries, part of the existence of democratic ideas of Marx's theoretical system is questionable, even if there are a lot of scholars affirmed Marx's democratic thought, but it is launched from a critical perspective, and finally to Marx the thought of democracy into the totalitarian democratic context. Of course, do not rule out by some foreign scholars as Marx's democratic thought is the defense, defense, most fall into the lineage of liberal democracy, or blindly deny Marx about violence and dictatorship is discussed, either through revolutionary theory system of Liberal Democratic reconstruction of Marx. Therefore, foreign scholars in the democratic thought of Marx on the issue is controversial. The problem is, whether positive or negative democratic ideology of Marx It provides, reason and evidence is not sufficient. And the foreign research on Marx's thought of democracy and no depth to the logical structure of Marx's historical materialism, the revolution and the corresponding analysis framework; on the other hand, study abroad is also easy to overlook Marx's historical context, as the revolution of nineteenth Century and the corresponding, democracy has different connotation. At the time of the revolution and Research on overseas Marx thought of democracy, the domestic basically holds a more consistent view on Marx's Democratic Thought on the issue, that is certainly Marx's bourgeois democratic and new democracy. Since 1980s, China in Marx's democratic thought research field, basically based on the class the analysis method, and put forward the bourgeois democracy as opposed to proletarian democracy. From the beginning of the class analysis framework, its lack of democracy The theory and practice of space, then certainly the possibility of proletarian democracy. Finally, based on the perspective of the relationship between state and society provides the full basis for the proletarian democracy. However, the huge shortage of domestic also Marx democratic thought research. Firstly, the method of class analysis to the relationship of ownership has become an important basis for the class, but this, and Marx from historical materialism to revolutionary analysis framework, to the class theory of logic is not uniform; secondly, democracy is not fully consistent with the nineteenth Century democratic revolution contains connotation; finally, the democratic thought of Marx research is based on the idea that the class analysis method, this approach leads to innovation difficulties, it is difficult in the outside the class analysis method, provide the relevant content of Marx's democratic thought. In view of the domestic and foreign research on new democratic thought of Marx stored in such a system The problems, how to break the restrictions and obstacles, the real return to Marx's connotation of democracy, the requirements from two aspects. First, research on the logical structure of Marx's expansion of Marx's democratic thought based on historical materialism and the historical materialism implied by the revolution analysis framework to analyze Marx's theory of democracy; second, admit and certainly has democratic revolution in nineteenth Century after its connotation, which is different from the democracy in Europe and the United States become mature liberal democracy and electoral politics, is also different from the simple bourgeois democratic opposition. Historical materialism as an important component of Marx's theory, on the basis of the logical expansion method is also constructed. Through the practice of Marx the revolution of philosophy, is the elimination of philosophy. As philosophy revolution completed, to political revolution becomes natural. And Philosophy Destroy means practice "fell" into the field of labor practice, the contradiction between field labor practice constitute the root causes of the political revolution and social revolution. Thus, the establishment of historical materialism is the revolution analysis framework, Marx is through the revolutionary connotation, conceptual framework of the full political concepts such as democracy. Dictatorship, violence, class. Democracy has duality in Marx's theoretical system: first, as one of the democratic path of the proletarian revolution, namely revolution means and revolutionary way. Democracy or violence as Marx option in the proletarian revolution path problem of two interdependent, indispensable, differences in their choice is the national conditions and the corresponding class. Marx has never been a trade-off between democracy and violence, two common services in the general purpose of the revolution Standard. At this point, democracy as a revolutionary era features prominent. Two, democracy as a proletarian political organization, the existence of "affinity" between natural proletariat political organization and democratic form. To solve the contradiction between the proletariat through the field of labor practice, based on the principle of equality, democracy must take the organization form, such as universal suffrage, supervision, etc.. Based on the analysis of the revolution to replace at any time frame can be seen, Marx's democratic thought can not be simply equated with the bourgeois democratic theory, which contains more content. Marx's criticism of capitalist democracy for operating conditions, and not for democracy itself, but to the lack of democracy and democratic revolution connotation the condition can not be fully realized in capitalist problems. With the proletarian revolution to promote democracy, fully realized to eliminate the obstacles. What between the proletariat political organization and democratic form of "natural affinity" is a natural result. Of course, Marx after the democratic theory and practice are facing drastic changes, this is Marx's theory contains some potential tension and shortcomings, on the other hand is different researchers, interpretation reconstruct the system of Marx's theory of revolution, especially the challenges and problems brought by the change of the revolutionary situation, such as the capitalist democracy for absorbing and so on. All these problems indicate: accurate and reasonable is necessary to understand Marx's democratic thought. Marx's democratic theory is very important for China democracy, the democratic the revolutionary connotation first helps to resist mainstream capitalism on democracy and universal "label". China continuation of the class construction of democracy The opposition and democracy, particularity and difference of the focus on democracy, and Marx theory of democracy revolution connotation given democracy in general, universality, change China democracy in the capitalist democracy and the mainstream disadvantage in competition. Secondly, Marx's democratic revolution in the analysis framework, compared to the class analysis framework of democracy become the first problem, it is proletarian political organization form of course, also achieved in the proletarian revolution historical logic. And, through the re understanding of the class, clarify the relationship between dictatorship and democracy, unity and democratic revolution, which can provide sufficient space for the survival and development of democracy.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海社會(huì)科學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：A81
，

本文編號(hào)：1375187