本文關(guān)鍵詞：陜甘寧邊區(qū)人權(quán)法律保障探析　出處：《西南政法大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 陜甘寧邊區(qū) 人權(quán) 法律保障

【摘要】：陜甘寧邊區(qū)根據(jù)地由原陜甘寧蘇區(qū)革命根據(jù)地沿革而來(lái),1937年抗戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)以后,正式更名為陜甘寧邊區(qū),作為十年內(nèi)戰(zhàn)時(shí)期保存下來(lái)的唯一的根據(jù)地,有其重要的歷史地位,可以說(shuō)只有它具備了由蘇維埃工農(nóng)民主制度到民主共和國(guó)制度轉(zhuǎn)變的現(xiàn)實(shí)條件,而在這些條件之中,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨保障人權(quán)的法治實(shí)踐是重中之重,對(duì)陜甘寧紅色政權(quán)的發(fā)展壯大,乃至新中國(guó)的成立都具有重要的意義。近代中國(guó)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),使中國(guó)人民喪失基本生存權(quán)利,人權(quán)遭到無(wú)情的踐踏。近代中國(guó)的百年史是中國(guó)人民為爭(zhēng)取人權(quán)不懈努力抗?fàn)幍臍v史。經(jīng)過(guò)歷史的考驗(yàn)和洗滌,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨及其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的武裝力量揚(yáng)起了為人民生存權(quán)、國(guó)家獨(dú)立權(quán)而戰(zhàn)的大旗。同時(shí),中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨認(rèn)為:抗日與民主互為條件、政治權(quán)利是對(duì)各項(xiàng)人權(quán)的最集中體現(xiàn),因而把爭(zhēng)取人民的生存權(quán)和政治權(quán)利作為中心環(huán)節(jié)。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨在要求國(guó)民黨結(jié)束一黨專制獨(dú)裁政體,變?yōu)楦鼽h各階級(jí)合作民主政體的同時(shí),在其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的抗日根據(jù)地進(jìn)行了民主政治、保障人權(quán)的法治實(shí)踐。陜甘寧邊區(qū)是中共人權(quán)思想最為重要的實(shí)踐場(chǎng),是當(dāng)時(shí)馬克思主義人權(quán)思想運(yùn)用的典型代表。制定頒發(fā)了大量權(quán)利保障的法律文件,濃縮體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人權(quán)思想的主張。邊區(qū)的法制和人權(quán)建設(shè)在黨的歷史上具有特殊的貢獻(xiàn)和重要的地位。陜甘寧邊區(qū)的人權(quán)法律保障是在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)破壞的背景下,在積貧積弱的邊區(qū)條件下展開(kāi),并取得難能可貴的成果。在全國(guó)乃至國(guó)際上都產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響,曾一度吸引大量的外國(guó)記者和國(guó)際友人慕名前來(lái)考察。提高了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨在國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際上的影響力,并為中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨贏得大量的民眾支持,為紅色民主政權(quán)奠定了扎實(shí)的群眾基礎(chǔ)。邊區(qū)人權(quán)法律保障的過(guò)程中積累了大量的寶貴經(jīng)驗(yàn),即使從人權(quán)保障日臻完善的今天來(lái)看,當(dāng)時(shí)的邊區(qū)人權(quán)法律保障仍具有相當(dāng)?shù)慕梃b之處。論文從邊區(qū)人權(quán)的立法保障、執(zhí)法保障到司法保障層層展開(kāi)論述,將邊區(qū)對(duì)人權(quán)的法律保障系統(tǒng)、客觀、全面的呈現(xiàn)出來(lái),并在此基礎(chǔ)上總結(jié)邊區(qū)人權(quán)法律保障的歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)和現(xiàn)實(shí)啟示。正文共分為五章:第一章“陜甘寧邊區(qū)人權(quán)保障概述”。本章對(duì)陜甘寧邊區(qū)成立之前中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人權(quán)保障的理論和實(shí)踐背景進(jìn)行了介紹。1915年開(kāi)始的新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)使廣大的知識(shí)青年受到了先進(jìn)民主科學(xué)思想的洗禮,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了思想的空前解放,在中國(guó)掀起了生機(jī)勃勃的思想解放潮流,為馬克思主義在中國(guó)的廣泛傳播創(chuàng)造了條件。隨著馬克思主義傳入中國(guó),馬克思主義人權(quán)思想被中國(guó)先進(jìn)的知識(shí)分子接受和傳播,產(chǎn)生了一批具有初步共產(chǎn)主義思想的知識(shí)分子,他們的人權(quán)思想開(kāi)始萌芽。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨成立以后,運(yùn)用馬克思主義的思想武器,進(jìn)行了一系列改善中國(guó)人民人權(quán)的初步嘗試,并成立了中華蘇維埃共和國(guó)。蘇維埃政權(quán)展開(kāi)了一系列保障人權(quán)的立法建設(shè),為陜甘寧邊區(qū)的法制建設(shè)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。同時(shí)由于陜甘寧邊區(qū)是處在特殊歷史背景下的,地方自治政權(quán)具有獨(dú)特的歷史特點(diǎn),因而需要對(duì)邊區(qū)人權(quán)問(wèn)題經(jīng)行整體的界定,主要考察抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和反對(duì)國(guó)民黨一黨專政的斗爭(zhēng)對(duì)人權(quán)問(wèn)題的映射,從宏觀上把握陜甘寧人權(quán)問(wèn)題。第二章“陜甘寧邊區(qū)人權(quán)的立法保障”。陜甘寧邊區(qū)建立的新型民主法制,是邊區(qū)時(shí)期黨中央政策的具體化,代表著廣大人民利益,獲得了工農(nóng)階級(jí)的擁護(hù),是邊區(qū)政權(quán)在艱苦環(huán)境下能夠發(fā)展擴(kuò)大的重要原因。陜甘寧邊區(qū)的人權(quán)立法服務(wù)于抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和解放戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)這一中心任務(wù)。立法過(guò)程是馬列主義、毛澤東思想與中國(guó)實(shí)踐情況在法律領(lǐng)域不斷融合完善的過(guò)程。本章概括了陜甘寧邊區(qū)人權(quán)法律保障的幾種主要的立法形式:憲法及憲法性質(zhì)的法律法規(guī)、組織法、經(jīng)濟(jì)及民事立法、刑事立法、行政立法、訴訟立法等。分別對(duì)幾種立法進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要概括的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)不同法律淵源的人權(quán)保障內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了闡釋:第一,施政綱領(lǐng)性的法律文件確立了人權(quán)保障的基本原則和基本內(nèi)容,當(dāng)時(shí)主要的綱領(lǐng)性法律文件主要有五部,規(guī)定了人權(quán)保障的基本內(nèi)容以及人權(quán)保障的基本制度和措施,對(duì)于調(diào)整各利益階層的關(guān)系,建立抗日民族統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線具有重要意義。《陜甘寧邊區(qū)保障人權(quán)財(cái)權(quán)條例》,是人權(quán)保障專門(mén)性的法律,在邊區(qū)人權(quán)保障史,乃至中國(guó)人權(quán)發(fā)展史上都具有非同一般的作用,它明確了人權(quán)的主體和法律概念,并且將人權(quán)保障的各種措施具體化�？梢�(jiàn),邊區(qū)的憲法性文件具有爭(zhēng)取民族獨(dú)立與人權(quán)的斗爭(zhēng)綱領(lǐng)的性質(zhì);第二,為了保障邊區(qū)人民的選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán),擴(kuò)大民主權(quán)利的范圍,同時(shí)為了團(tuán)結(jié)各黨派各階級(jí)人民共同抗戰(zhàn),鞏固抗日民族統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線,使選舉制度化并保證其正確勝利地進(jìn)行,邊區(qū)政府在繼承了第二次國(guó)內(nèi)革命戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期選舉制度優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)上,相繼頒布了一系列選舉法規(guī)、選舉條例、條例實(shí)施的具體辦法以及調(diào)整選舉機(jī)關(guān)組織與活動(dòng)的法規(guī),這一系列法律文件,規(guī)定了選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)保障的具體內(nèi)容和措施。在保障人民選舉權(quán)的過(guò)程中,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨創(chuàng)造并確立了“三三制”原則,是邊區(qū)民主政治建設(shè)的重要組成部分,對(duì)邊區(qū)民主政治建設(shè)起了巨大的推動(dòng)作用;第三,邊區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)民事立法,主要涉及土地、勞動(dòng)、婚姻家庭等方面的立法,這些立法從不同的方面保障了邊區(qū)人民的財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)、勞動(dòng)權(quán)等,涉及的內(nèi)容豐富全面;第四,根據(jù)不同時(shí)期不同的歷史任務(wù),邊區(qū)的刑事立法,規(guī)定了不同的罪名和對(duì)應(yīng)的刑罰種類(lèi)�？箲�(zhàn)時(shí)期,運(yùn)用刑罰手段,懲治漢奸反動(dòng)派,保衛(wèi)邊區(qū)和抗戰(zhàn),是當(dāng)時(shí)刑事立法的主要任務(wù)。解放戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期,人民民主政權(quán)的刑事立法多采用人民民主政權(quán)或人民解放軍宣言、命令或布告的形式頒布。邊區(qū)的刑事立法,是在革命人道主義原則的指導(dǎo)下制定的,并依據(jù)不同的歷史條件而具體化;第五,在邊區(qū)行政法設(shè)計(jì)思想中,始終以群眾路線為原則、以人民滿意為重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。此部分分別對(duì)行政監(jiān)督立法、行政組織立法、部門(mén)行政法以及公務(wù)員法中涉及人權(quán)保障的內(nèi)容和原則進(jìn)行了梳理;第六,訴訟立法是保障人權(quán)的重要法律規(guī)定,在保障人權(quán)的法律體系中占有顯著的地位。陜甘寧邊區(qū)為保證公正司法,防止冤假錯(cuò)案及徇情枉法等弊端的出現(xiàn),制定了一系列訴訟法規(guī),明確規(guī)定了司法、檢察和保安機(jī)關(guān),在辦理民刑案件時(shí)的基本要求、相互關(guān)系和辦案程序及訴訟參與人的權(quán)利義務(wù)等。第三章“陜甘寧邊區(qū)人權(quán)的行政執(zhí)法保障”。邊區(qū)政府主要的行政執(zhí)法活動(dòng)主要涉及經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、科教文衛(wèi)、婦女解放、“二流子”改造等方面。在行政執(zhí)法的過(guò)程中,邊區(qū)行政機(jī)關(guān)從人權(quán)保障的根本目的出發(fā),注重行政執(zhí)法的手段和目的的統(tǒng)一性。文章首先闡述在幾類(lèi)行政執(zhí)法活動(dòng)中,人權(quán)保障法律是如何被執(zhí)行的,并進(jìn)一步總結(jié)陜甘寧邊區(qū)行政執(zhí)法體制的特點(diǎn):政執(zhí)法過(guò)程中人民群眾的廣泛參與、以政府執(zhí)法為主,以其他機(jī)關(guān)和組織執(zhí)法為輔、集體領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與分工負(fù)責(zé)相結(jié)合,同時(shí)分別從這三個(gè)特點(diǎn)入手對(duì)人權(quán)保障制度和原則的具體化展開(kāi)分析。第四章“陜甘寧邊區(qū)人權(quán)的司法保障”。邊區(qū)參議會(huì)和政府指出司法工作的目的,在于與反革命分子以及一切刑事犯罪進(jìn)行合法、準(zhǔn)確、及時(shí)的斗爭(zhēng),進(jìn)一步維護(hù)邊區(qū)秩序,鞏固邊區(qū)政權(quán),保障人民的合法權(quán)益。從邊區(qū)法律的本質(zhì)出發(fā),在訴訟活動(dòng)中,必須嚴(yán)格區(qū)分違法與犯罪,罪與非罪的界限,準(zhǔn)確地打擊犯罪分子,堅(jiān)決依法保護(hù)訴訟當(dāng)事人的合法權(quán)益,保護(hù)人民群眾的切身利益,絕不允許傷害任何無(wú)辜的人民。保障人權(quán)的原則同時(shí)貫穿在邊區(qū)的司法工作之中,主要包括為了人民,方便人民;法律面前人人平等;重證據(jù)而不輕信口供的原則,這些原則對(duì)于增強(qiáng)了司法干部的法制觀念,提升群眾的權(quán)利意識(shí),改善司法工作具有重要的價(jià)值。在行使拘捕權(quán)和審判權(quán)的過(guò)程中,嚴(yán)格遵循拘捕、審判權(quán)相統(tǒng)一的原則。在審判工作中也嚴(yán)格以“保障人民群眾的利益”為最高原則,從案件的審理方式、訴訟程序、訴訟費(fèi)用等方面給人民便利。在公開(kāi)審理、代理辯護(hù)制度、上訴制度、人民陪審制度、復(fù)核和審判監(jiān)督制度、巡回法庭和法官下鄉(xiāng)就地審判制度等具體的審判制度中,人權(quán)保障的內(nèi)容和原則貫穿其中。陜甘寧邊區(qū)獄政工作中的人權(quán)保障工作,成績(jī)斐然、特色突出,它是在繼承中華蘇維埃共和國(guó)時(shí)期教育感化犯人政策的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái),并在運(yùn)用中,將其具體化為“犯人是人,尊重犯人人格”、“教育為主,教育與勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)相結(jié)合”、“實(shí)行革命人道主義,感化教育罪犯”三點(diǎn)。陜甘寧邊區(qū)政府,以新民主主義政策、法律為指導(dǎo),結(jié)合邊區(qū)的政治情況和犯人特點(diǎn),批判地吸收了資產(chǎn)階級(jí)犯人自治的某些合理的因素和形式,創(chuàng)立了嶄新的監(jiān)獄犯人自治制度。文中對(duì)兩種主要的犯人自治組織在犯人權(quán)利保障過(guò)程中發(fā)揮的作用進(jìn)行了介紹。同時(shí),邊區(qū)政府和高等法院十分重視犯人的生活管理和待遇,把它視為感化教育和改造犯人必不可少的物質(zhì)條件。第五章“陜甘寧邊區(qū)人權(quán)法律保障的歷史意義和現(xiàn)實(shí)啟示”。文章從戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、邊區(qū)建設(shè)、民心向背三個(gè)方面對(duì)陜甘寧邊區(qū)人權(quán)法律保障的歷史意義進(jìn)行了概括。從戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的角度看它奠定了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)勝利的思想基礎(chǔ)、法制基礎(chǔ)和政權(quán)基礎(chǔ);從邊區(qū)建設(shè)的角度看,它促進(jìn)了邊區(qū)社會(huì)、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè),鞏固了邊區(qū)民主制和黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo);從民心向背的角度看,它提高了民眾的凝聚力和積極性、提升了民眾向上的信念。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨在陜甘寧邊區(qū)積極推進(jìn)保障人權(quán)的民主政治建設(shè),制定和頒布了大量的法律規(guī)范,是對(duì)馬克思主義人權(quán)思想的偉大實(shí)踐,是整個(gè)中國(guó)革命和人權(quán)保障事業(yè)的重要組成部分。形成的具有中國(guó)特色的人權(quán)理論,既不同與西方,也不同于蘇俄及當(dāng)時(shí)的國(guó)民政府。在建設(shè)人權(quán)法治的今天,探析陜甘寧邊區(qū)人權(quán)保障的法治理論及實(shí)踐,總結(jié)問(wèn)題和經(jīng)驗(yàn),對(duì)當(dāng)下人權(quán)建設(shè)具有重要的意義。從陜甘寧邊區(qū)人權(quán)法律保障的實(shí)踐中可以得出,要理順人權(quán)保障中的四種關(guān)系:人權(quán)與政權(quán)、人權(quán)與政黨、人權(quán)與主權(quán)、人權(quán)理論與人權(quán)實(shí)踐,只有這樣才能從根本上實(shí)現(xiàn)人權(quán)保障。不容否認(rèn),陜甘寧邊區(qū)人權(quán)法律保障,受當(dāng)時(shí)歷史條件的限制,主要是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境的影響,存在一定的缺點(diǎn)和不足,但是瑕不掩瑜,邊區(qū)的法制和人權(quán)建設(shè)具有特殊的歷史貢獻(xiàn),其法制建設(shè)和社會(huì)改造的經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)當(dāng)下社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期,健全協(xié)商民主制度、推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義民主政治建設(shè)、推進(jìn)馬克思主義的中國(guó)化,擴(kuò)大新時(shí)期愛(ài)國(guó)統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線等具有重要的啟示作用。
[Abstract]:According to the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region Shaanxi Gansu Soviet revolutionary base of, after the outbreak of war in 1937, officially renamed the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region, preserved as a ten year civil war only base, has its important position in the history, it can be said that only have the actual conditions of the Democratic Republic of the system to change by Soviet democracy, and in these conditions, the practice of law protection of human rights of the Communist Party of Chinese is priority among priorities, strengthen development of red political power in Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia, has important significance to establish the new and China. In the modern China war, the Chinese people lost their basic right to live, and human rights were ruthlessly tramped. The hundred year history of modern China is the history of the Chinese people's unremitting efforts to fight for human rights. After the test and washing of history, the Communist Party of China and its armed forces led the banner of fighting for the people's right to live and the independence of the state. At the same time, the Communist Party of China holds that anti Japanese and democracy are mutually conditional, and that political rights are the most concentrated embodiment of all kinds of human rights. Therefore, we should strive for the right to subsistence and political rights of the people as the central link. In the end China Communist authoritarian dictatorship, to the class party democratic cooperation at the same time, in the leadership of the Anti Japanese base of democracy, human rights protection law practice. The Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border area is the most important practice field of the human rights thought of the Communist Party of China, and is the typical representative of the application of Marx's Thought on human rights at that time. The formulation of a large number of legal documents which issued a large number of rights protection reflects the idea of the human rights of the Communist Party of China. The legal system of the border area and the construction of human rights have a special contribution and important position in the history of the party. The legal protection of human rights is the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region is destroyed in the war in the background, in the poor and weak border conditions, and obtain valuable results. Will have a profound impact on the national and international, once attracted large amounts of foreign journalists and international friends come to study. It has improved the influence of the Communist Party of China on the domestic and international level, and won a lot of support for the Chinese Communist Party, and laid a solid mass foundation for the red democratic regime. The border area has accumulated a lot of valuable experience in the process of legal protection of human rights, even though the protection of human rights is improving day by day, the border area's human rights legal protection still has considerable reference. From the legislative guarantee, law enforcement guarantee to the judicial guarantee level of the border area, this paper will discuss the border area's legal guarantee system for human rights, objectively and comprehensively, and summarize the historical experience and realistic enlightenment of the border area's human rights legal protection on this basis. The text is divided into five chapters: the first chapter, "a summary of the protection of human rights in the Shanxi Gansu Ningxia border region". This chapter introduces the theoretical and practical background of the human rights protection of the Communist Party of China before the establishment of the Shanxi Gansu Ningxia border region. The new culture movement which started in 1915 enabled the educated youth to be baptized by the advanced democratic scientific thoughts, so as to realize the unprecedented liberation of thought and set off a vigorous trend of ideological emancipation in China, creating the conditions for the wide spread of Marx doctrine in China. With the introduction of Marx doctrine to China, Marx's human rights thought was accepted and disseminated by the advanced intellectuals in China, and a group of intellectuals with initial communism came into being. Their human rights thoughts began to germinate. After the founding of the Communist Party of China, Marx made a series of attempts to improve the Chinese people's human rights and set up the Soviet Republic of China. The Soviet regime launched a series of legislative construction to safeguard human rights, laying a foundation for the legal construction of the Shanxi Gansu Ningxia border region. At the same time because of the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region is in a special historical background, local self-government has unique historical characteristics, it is necessary to the human rights issue the overall definition, mainly on the mapping of Anti Japanese War and the struggle against the Kuomintang's one party dictatorship on the issue of human rights, grasp the ShaanGanNing human rights issues from the macro. The second chapter "the legislative guarantee of the human rights in the Shanxi Gansu Ningxia border region". The new democracy and legality established in the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region is the concretion of the Party Central Committee's policy in the border area. It represents the interests of the broad masses and the support of the workers and peasants. It's an important reason for the expansion of the border regime in a difficult environment. The human rights legislation in the Shanxi Gansu Ningxia border region serves the central task of the war of resistance against Japan and the war of liberation. The legislative process is a process of integration and perfection of Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong's thought and the practice of China in the legal field. This chapter summarizes the main legislative forms of the legal protection of human rights in the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia Border Region: the laws and regulations of the Constitution and constitutional nature, the organic law, the economic and civil legislation, the criminal legislation, the administrative legislation, and the litigation legislation. Based on several brief summary of the legislation for the protection of human rights, the content of different sources of law are explained: first, the legal documents of the programme to establish the basic principles of human rights and the basic content of the programmatic legal document there are mainly five parts, the basic content of the protection of human rights and basic system and measures for the protection of human rights, to adjust the relationship between various interest groups, it is important to set up the Anti Japanese National United front. "Human rights protection of the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region regulations" is the guarantee of human rights, special law, protection of human rights in the history, and the history of the development of human rights Chinese has extraordinary effect, it is clear the main body of human rights and legal concepts, and various measures of human rights protection concrete. It can be seen that the constitutional documents of the border areas have the nature of the programme for the struggle for national independence and human rights. Second, in order to ensure the selection of the people in the border areas.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D929;D921
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本文編號(hào)：1342057