本文選題：白語(yǔ) + 小句��； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：白語(yǔ)是中國(guó)西南地區(qū)少數(shù)民族白族的語(yǔ)言,屬漢藏語(yǔ)系、彝緬語(yǔ)族,語(yǔ)支未定。白語(yǔ)呈現(xiàn)出復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)言形式,語(yǔ)序既有漢語(yǔ)的痕跡,也有彝緬語(yǔ)的特征;且其70%的詞匯與中古漢語(yǔ)詞匯疑似同源或者借用自漢語(yǔ)。近百年來(lái),由于白語(yǔ)復(fù)雜的類型特征,其語(yǔ)支歸屬問(wèn)題仍飽含爭(zhēng)議;盡管已有研究從形態(tài)學(xué)、句法學(xué)等視角展開(kāi),但仍無(wú)定論。小句是系統(tǒng)功能類型學(xué)研究語(yǔ)言類型的重要切入單位。系統(tǒng)功能類型學(xué)基于系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論,采用系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法框架描寫(xiě)自然語(yǔ)言。它以主位系統(tǒng)、情態(tài)系統(tǒng)和及物性系統(tǒng)為三個(gè)出發(fā)點(diǎn),分析小句各系統(tǒng)為實(shí)現(xiàn)各種語(yǔ)法功能所選取的各種構(gòu)型。因此,本研究擬通過(guò)此種方法對(duì)白語(yǔ)小句展開(kāi)研究,以期豐富當(dāng)代語(yǔ)言類型學(xué)的方法論。語(yǔ)言類型學(xué)探究語(yǔ)言的共性和差異性,依據(jù)形態(tài)學(xué)和語(yǔ)序問(wèn)題等參項(xiàng)將語(yǔ)言分類。而系統(tǒng)功能類型學(xué)則從意義表達(dá)的三個(gè)平行視角入手,描寫(xiě)語(yǔ)言,對(duì)比語(yǔ)言,觀察語(yǔ)言如何選擇不同的成分來(lái)產(chǎn)生結(jié)構(gòu)。系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)之集大成者韓禮德視語(yǔ)言為構(gòu)建語(yǔ)境下的人類體驗(yàn)的工具,其語(yǔ)言觀和系統(tǒng)功能類型學(xué)觀將體現(xiàn)于我們對(duì)白語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)料分析之中。這種綜合系統(tǒng)的視角關(guān)注語(yǔ)境下的話語(yǔ)的意義,分析語(yǔ)義發(fā)生的根源。系統(tǒng)功能類型學(xué)從三個(gè)視角入手分析語(yǔ)言,把語(yǔ)言看作一個(gè)多樣化系統(tǒng)。因此,系統(tǒng)功能類型學(xué)豐富了當(dāng)代語(yǔ)言類型學(xué)的研究方式。系統(tǒng)功能類型學(xué)的發(fā)展進(jìn)入理論提煉和完善階段。在系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)發(fā)展和成熟階段,韓禮德曾經(jīng)對(duì)漢語(yǔ)進(jìn)行過(guò)描寫(xiě),之后又對(duì)英語(yǔ)和一些亞洲語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行了描寫(xiě)。Caffarel等人所編輯的《功能視角下的語(yǔ)言類型學(xué)》選編了8門(mén)語(yǔ)言的系統(tǒng)功能類型學(xué)分析,并且對(duì)系統(tǒng)功能類型學(xué)研究目標(biāo)和方法做了初步概括和總結(jié)。截至2015年12月在上海所召開(kāi)的國(guó)際功能類型學(xué)研討會(huì),學(xué)界已對(duì)近百種語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行過(guò)功能類型學(xué)描寫(xiě),因此類型學(xué)研究已經(jīng)具備了規(guī)�？捎^的語(yǔ)種庫(kù)。本研究主要基于對(duì)單一語(yǔ)言的小句功能語(yǔ)法分析,同時(shí)進(jìn)行跨語(yǔ)言比較。具體而言,本研究從功能類型學(xué)視角下分析白語(yǔ)的元功能,目的有三:(1)為更好地解讀白語(yǔ)的特征和元功能提供新視角;(2)以新視角對(duì)白語(yǔ)進(jìn)行闡釋;(3)為系統(tǒng)功能類型學(xué)的語(yǔ)種庫(kù)增加一個(gè)新語(yǔ)種研究。本研究揭示了白語(yǔ)小句的與其他語(yǔ)言存在的共性以及它獨(dú)有的特征。首先,通過(guò)分析白語(yǔ)小句的主位系統(tǒng),發(fā)現(xiàn)人際主位居于環(huán)境附加語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)之前。一個(gè)小句一旦有語(yǔ)篇主位,三類主位的配列關(guān)系一定是“人際主位+語(yǔ)篇主位+概念主位”。這一點(diǎn)與漢語(yǔ)、英語(yǔ)大同小異。白語(yǔ)小句的語(yǔ)篇主位由連接語(yǔ)充當(dāng),人際主位由稱呼語(yǔ)、感嘆詞和評(píng)價(jià)附加語(yǔ)充當(dāng)。正如漢語(yǔ)一樣,白語(yǔ)的概念主位通常由主語(yǔ)、環(huán)境附加語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和謂化小句充當(dāng);祈使句和省略主語(yǔ)的直陳句中由謂詞充當(dāng)概念主位。簡(jiǎn)言之,語(yǔ)篇主位和人際主位是可選成分,但概念主位是強(qiáng)制性的,即使缺失也可依據(jù)上下文將其還原。此外,據(jù)我們分析的三類語(yǔ)篇的近一千句小句中,三種主位同現(xiàn)的幾率較低。韓禮德曾指出有些語(yǔ)言多重主位較少,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)白語(yǔ)可歸此類。白語(yǔ)小句中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)“主語(yǔ)缺位”的現(xiàn)象,而且是話語(yǔ)交際語(yǔ)境下的直陳句中常有主語(yǔ)省略,但并不影響話語(yǔ)意義的完整性。附加語(yǔ)是白語(yǔ)中表達(dá)情態(tài)的重要手段,白語(yǔ)小句的時(shí)態(tài)、意態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣很大程度上依賴附加詞來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),不過(guò)也有例外。以否定為例,白語(yǔ)小句的否定表達(dá)形式與非洲、歐洲和亞洲語(yǔ)言相似,比如它們都使用雙重否定表達(dá)否定。亦即,部分動(dòng)詞和副詞通過(guò)曲折變化產(chǎn)生對(duì)應(yīng)的否定動(dòng)詞和否定副詞,從而否定整個(gè)小句。白語(yǔ)小句的否定表達(dá)通過(guò)詞匯和語(yǔ)法變化得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。白語(yǔ)中的附加語(yǔ)不僅在語(yǔ)篇功能中發(fā)揮作用,在人際功能方面也舉足輕重。附加語(yǔ)多出現(xiàn)在句末表達(dá)時(shí)態(tài)和級(jí)差以及小句的情態(tài)類型。少數(shù)情態(tài)附加語(yǔ)會(huì)出現(xiàn)在謂詞周圍,或前或后,用以表達(dá)時(shí)態(tài)或語(yǔ)態(tài)。它們一般發(fā)揮英語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)言中的“限定成分”的功能。此類附加詞可對(duì)小句的語(yǔ)氣類型、過(guò)程的時(shí)態(tài)以及極性進(jìn)行標(biāo)記。此外,主要?jiǎng)釉~鄰近的附加語(yǔ)能夠體現(xiàn)“體”和“語(yǔ)氣”;在東南亞語(yǔ)言中此類附加語(yǔ)較為多見(jiàn)。白語(yǔ)的環(huán)境附加語(yǔ)優(yōu)先,此原則展示了時(shí)間和空間是構(gòu)建事物概念時(shí)白族人民首先考慮的要素。環(huán)境附加語(yǔ)和情態(tài)附加詞共同作用,呈現(xiàn)白語(yǔ)過(guò)程的時(shí)態(tài)。白語(yǔ)小句的過(guò)程類型分布和構(gòu)型選擇展現(xiàn)其經(jīng)驗(yàn)功能。白語(yǔ)的存在小句使用較多,表達(dá)靜態(tài)動(dòng)作。如一個(gè)小句含多個(gè)動(dòng)詞,其過(guò)程類型由主要?jiǎng)幼鳑Q定,而且可以通過(guò)雙層次分析法進(jìn)一步分辨蘊(yùn)含小句的過(guò)程類型。心理過(guò)程小句通常會(huì)有投射小句,言語(yǔ)過(guò)程通常有小句作為言語(yǔ)內(nèi)容。存在小句一般由環(huán)境附加語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭,存在物通常出現(xiàn)在過(guò)程動(dòng)詞后面。物質(zhì)小句的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)一般可以前置到主位,置于動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者和過(guò)程前面。謂化的小句單位一般后面有標(biāo)記詞no33或v??。白語(yǔ)小句常見(jiàn)連動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),即幾個(gè)過(guò)程由共同的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出,幾個(gè)過(guò)程關(guān)系密不可分,這時(shí)其否定詞通常出現(xiàn)在祈使句的第一個(gè)過(guò)程上或者直陳句的小句末尾。白語(yǔ)小句的人際功能還有其他表達(dá)方式,例如第二人稱單數(shù)的代詞有敬稱和平稱之分,小句結(jié)構(gòu)的省略程度與社會(huì)距離相關(guān)等。其他特征包含參與者的位置、部分參與者省略和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)前置的問(wèn)題。祈使句的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)通常前置于省略的主語(yǔ)之前,而且在直陳句中,主語(yǔ)也常常省略。本項(xiàng)研究證明,系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法的描寫(xiě)模式適用于白語(yǔ)的分析,多數(shù)描寫(xiě)參項(xiàng)均可應(yīng)用。白語(yǔ)小句與漢語(yǔ)、英語(yǔ)小句在功能上基本相似,但仍存在個(gè)別差異,比如對(duì)復(fù)合句,需用雙層分析法,再如主位的選擇項(xiàng),白語(yǔ)中可實(shí)現(xiàn)主位的成分較多,且其環(huán)境成分、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、過(guò)程或者謂項(xiàng)均可充當(dāng)主位。從詞匯語(yǔ)法的研究視角看,白語(yǔ)小句的語(yǔ)法是通過(guò)多種渠道得以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。本項(xiàng)研究表明,盡管白語(yǔ)被界定為孤立語(yǔ),但白語(yǔ)中殘留著古彝緬語(yǔ)的一些形態(tài)變化,比如部分動(dòng)詞和副詞可通過(guò)形態(tài)變化產(chǎn)生其否定表達(dá)。白語(yǔ)中除了副詞和形容詞可表達(dá)說(shuō)話人的態(tài)度外,名量詞也具有此功能。本文共七章。第一章簡(jiǎn)要介紹研究背景,介紹白族、白語(yǔ)、研究目的、研究意義以及論文框架。第二章回顧了相關(guān)的白語(yǔ)研究成果,系統(tǒng)功能類型學(xué)對(duì)自然語(yǔ)言描寫(xiě)的現(xiàn)狀。文獻(xiàn)回顧中發(fā)現(xiàn)白語(yǔ)的研究大多數(shù)圍繞系屬歸類問(wèn)題而展開(kāi)。第三章介紹了系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)和系統(tǒng)功能類型學(xué)的理論基礎(chǔ)。正是通過(guò)系統(tǒng)功能類型學(xué)的理論框架我們才得以將諸多零散的、局部的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象系統(tǒng)化。第四、第五和第六章分析了白語(yǔ)小句的三個(gè)元功能。第四章從白語(yǔ)小句的語(yǔ)篇功能入手,分析主位系統(tǒng)。第五章對(duì)情態(tài)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行考察,分析白語(yǔ)的人際功能。第六章研究白語(yǔ)小句的經(jīng)驗(yàn)功能,討論過(guò)程類型及其所涉及的參與者以及其他構(gòu)建經(jīng)驗(yàn)過(guò)程所需的成分。第七章為全文總結(jié),回顧了理論和語(yǔ)言描寫(xiě)分析之間的關(guān)系,概括了研究發(fā)現(xiàn)和對(duì)后續(xù)研究的啟示及展望。本研究重點(diǎn)是對(duì)白語(yǔ)單門(mén)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行分析,但同時(shí)也對(duì)局部語(yǔ)法特征進(jìn)行了跨語(yǔ)言比較,例如雙重否定意味著否定。正是通過(guò)該比較研究,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)白語(yǔ)的三個(gè)方言區(qū)的共時(shí)語(yǔ)料中保留著不同階段的語(yǔ)法進(jìn)化痕跡。此外,我們還發(fā)現(xiàn),白語(yǔ)現(xiàn)有語(yǔ)料來(lái)源多為中部和南部方言區(qū),而北部方言區(qū)則較少。首先可能因?yàn)楸辈糠窖允褂萌丝谳^少,另外也許因?yàn)楸辈糠窖詤^(qū)地處偏僻,沒(méi)有本地人從事語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究,這將后續(xù)研究可以努力的方向。本研究拓展了語(yǔ)言類型學(xué)的研究視角,基于SFL及其理論分支SFT理論對(duì)作為孤立語(yǔ)的白語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行功能類型學(xué)描寫(xiě),這不僅能充分驗(yàn)證該理論的普適性,而且也可以豐富和完善該理論,并能進(jìn)一步對(duì)其提煉和建設(shè)。盡管SFT分析無(wú)法完全解答某單一語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)支問(wèn)題,但它足以為我們提供類型學(xué)視角參考,并使我們多維度觀察該語(yǔ)言。對(duì)于白語(yǔ)語(yǔ)支具體歸屬問(wèn)題,除了基于SFT的類型研究之外,還應(yīng)結(jié)合語(yǔ)言進(jìn)化、語(yǔ)言認(rèn)知和歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué)等學(xué)科的研究方法進(jìn)行縱深探索,這可作為本研究的后續(xù)研究目標(biāo)。
[Abstract]:White language is the language of the minority Bai nationality in the southwest of China, belonging to the Han and Tibetan Languages, Yi Burmese, and unsettled. The white language presents a complex language form, the word order not only has the trace of Chinese, but also the characteristics of the Yi Burmese, and the 70% of the words are similar to the middle ancient Chinese words or the people borrowed from Chinese. There are still controversies on the attribution of the type of language. Although the existing research has been carried out from the perspective of morphology and sentence law, it is still unsettled. The clause is an important cut in unit for the study of language types in systematic functional typology. The theme system, the modality system and the transitivity system are the three starting points to analyze the various configurations selected by each system to realize various grammatical functions. Therefore, this study intends to study the white clause by this method in order to enrich the methodology of contemporary language typology. The systematic functional typology starts with three parallel perspectives of meaning expression, describes language, contrasts language, and observe language how to choose different components to produce structure. Hallidy regards language as a tool for human experience in the context of construction. Its view of language and systematic functional typology will be embodied in the analysis of the language of white language. The perspective of this comprehensive system focuses on the meaning of the discourse in the context and analyzes the origin of the semantic occurrence. System functional typology analyses language from three perspectives and regards language as a diversified system. Therefore, systematic functional typology The development of systemic functional typology has entered the stage of theoretical refinement and perfection. In the development and maturity stage of systemic functional linguistics, Hallidy once described Chinese, and then English and some Asian languages were described in the "functional perspective" edited by.Caffarel et al. Typology selected the systematic functional typology of 8 languages and made a preliminary summary and summary of the research goals and methods of the systematic functional typology. As of December 2015, the international functional typology held in Shanghai, the academic circles have done the typology of nearly 100 languages, so the typology has already been studied. This study is based on a large scale language library. This study is mainly based on the functional grammatical analysis of a single language and a cross language comparison. The purpose of this study is to analyze the meta function of white language from the perspective of functional typology. The purpose of this study is three: (1) providing a new perspective for the better interpretation of the features and metafunctions of white language; (2) a new perspective on the white language. Language is explained; (3) a new language study is added to the language library of systematic functional typology. This study reveals the commonality and its unique features of the white clause and other languages. First, by analyzing the main position system of the white clause, it is found that the interpersonal theme is before the annulus and the subject. Once a clause has the language The relationship between the three types of theme is "interpersonal theme + text theme + conceptual theme". This is similar to Chinese, English is similar to English. The text theme of white clause is acted by the connection language, and the interpersonal theme is acted by address, exclamatory and evaluation adjunct. Adding, complements and predicate clauses act as the predicate in the imperative sentence and the omission subject. In short, the text theme and the interpersonal theme are optional, but the conceptual theme is mandatory, even if the absence can be restored according to the context. In addition, in the nearly one thousand sentences of the three types of discourse we analyze, three Hallidy once pointed out that there are few multiple principal positions in some languages. We have found that there are few multiple themes in some languages. We find that white language can be classified as such. The phenomenon of "absence of subject" often occurs in the white sentence, and is often omitted in the literal sentence in the context of discourse communication, but does not affect the integrity of the verbal meaning. The adjunct is expressed in white language. An important means of modality, the tense, meaning and mood of the white clause depend largely on the additional words, but there are exceptions. In the case of negation, the negative expressions of the white clause are similar to those of Africa, Europe and Asia, for example, they all use double negative forms to reach negation. The negative verb and the negative adverb are produced to negate the whole sentence. The negative expression of the white sentence is realized through the change of vocabulary and grammar. The adjunct in the white language not only plays a role in the function of the text, but also plays an important role in the interpersonal function. Type. Minority modal adjuncts appear around predicates, or before or after, to express tense or voice. They generally play the function of "finite elements" in English and other languages. Such additional words can mark the tone type of the clause, the tense of the process, and the polarity. In addition, the adjunct to the main verb can reflect the "body". "" and "tone"; in Southeast Asian languages, this kind of adjunct is more common. White language is a priority of environmental adjunct. This principle shows that time and space are the first considerations of the Bai people when constructing the concept of things. The environment adjunct and modal adjunct are used together to present the tense of the white language process. And the choice of configuration shows its experiential function. The existence of white words is more used to express the static action. For example, a clause contains many verbs, and the process type is determined by the main action, and the process types can be further resolved by the double analytic hierarchy process. The psychological process clause usually has a projective clause, and the speech process is usually There is a clause as the content of speech. The existence of a clause usually begins with an environmental adjunct, and an existence usually appears behind a process verb. The complement of a matter clause can normally be prepositioned to the main position, placed before the action executor and the process. The predicated clause is usually followed by a marker No33 or V?? a common structure in white clause. The process is inseparable from a common subject, and several process relations are inseparable. At this time, the negative words usually appear on the first process of the imperative sentence or the end of the sentence. The interpersonal function of the white clause and other expressions, such as the second person pronoun, are called the peace name, the ellipsis of the clause structure and the society. Other features include the position of the participants, the omission of some participants and the preposition of the complement. The complement of the imperative sentence is usually before the omission subject, and the subject is often omitted in the direct sentence. This study proves that the descriptive model of the systemic functional grammar is applicable to the analysis of white language, and most of the descriptive references are available The functions of the white clause and the Chinese, the English clause are basically similar, but there are still some differences. For example, a double analysis is necessary for a compound sentence, as in the choice of the theme. In white language, there are more components of the theme, and its environmental composition, complement, process or predicate can be used as the main position. From the perspective of vocabulary grammar, white The grammar of the sentence is realized through various channels. This study shows that although the white language is defined as an isolated language, there are some changes in the ancient Yi Burmese Language in white language, for example, some verbs and adverbs can produce their negative expressions through morphological changes. In white language, the speaker's attitude can be expressed in addition to adverbs and adjectives. The first chapter has seven chapters. The first chapter is a brief introduction to the research background, the white language, the white language, the research purpose, the significance and the framework of the thesis. The second chapter reviews the related research results of white language, the status of the systematic functional typology on the description of natural languages. The third chapter introduces the theoretical basis of systemic functional linguistics and systematic functional typology. It is through the theoretical framework of systematic functional typology that we have been able to systematize many scattered and local grammatical phenomena. The fourth, fifth and sixth chapters analyze the three meta functions of the white clause. The fourth chapter is from the white language. The fifth chapter makes an analysis of the theme system. The fifth chapter examines the modality system and analyzes the interpersonal function of the white language. The sixth chapter studies the experiential function of the white phrase, discusses the type of the process, the participants involved and the other components needed to build the experience process. The seventh chapter summarizes the full text and reviews the theory and language drawing. The focus of this study is to analyze the single language of white language, but also to make a cross language comparison of the local grammatical features, for example, double negation means negation. It is through this comparative study that we find the total of three dialects in white language. In addition, we also found that the existing language sources in the white language are mostly in the middle and southern dialects, while the northern dialect is less. In the first place, the northern dialect may be less populated, and perhaps because the northern dialect is in remote areas, and no local people are engaged in linguistic research. This study expands the direction of the study of the language typology, and based on the SFL and its theoretical branch SFT theory to describe the functional typology of the white language as an isolated language, which can not only fully verify the universality of the theory, but also enrich and improve the theory, and can further refine and build it. Although SFT analysis does not fully answer the problem of a single language, it believes that we provide a typological perspective and make us multidimensional to observe the language. For the specific attribution of the white language, in addition to the type based study on the SFT, it should be combined with the research of language evolution, language cognition and historical linguistics. This method can be used as a follow-up research goal of this study.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：H252
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本文編號(hào)：1937291