發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-12-27 06:02

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：大連市醫(yī)療廢物管理現(xiàn)狀及相關(guān)人員認(rèn)知的調(diào)查研究　出處：《大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 醫(yī)療廢物 管理 衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督 認(rèn)知

【摘要】：研究背景醫(yī)療廢物是指醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)在醫(yī)療、預(yù)防、保健以及其他相關(guān)活動(dòng)中產(chǎn)生的具有直接或者間接感染性、毒性以及其他危害性的廢物[1]。醫(yī)療廢物通常攜帶大量致病微生物,具有高危險(xiǎn)、高污染、高致病性的特點(diǎn),被我國(guó)《國(guó)家危險(xiǎn)廢物名錄》列為頭號(hào)危險(xiǎn)廢物。世界衛(wèi)生組織將其描述為含有已知或疑似能引起人類或動(dòng)物疾病的活微生物或毒素的廢物[2],在國(guó)際上被看作“健康殺手”和“頭號(hào)致病源”,可通過多種途徑危害人體健康�！夺t(yī)療廢物管理?xiàng)l例》實(shí)施十余年來,我國(guó)醫(yī)療廢物管理進(jìn)入新進(jìn)程,面臨著眾多問題與挑戰(zhàn),如何科學(xué)、高效、環(huán)保地處置醫(yī)療廢物,形成統(tǒng)一的醫(yī)療廢物管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作業(yè)化形式變得尤為重要。同時(shí),醫(yī)療廢物的科學(xué)管理作為衛(wèi)生事業(yè)管理的重要課題,在醫(yī)療廢物源頭減量化、管理科學(xué)化、處理無害化等方面值得深入研究。研究目的掌握大連市醫(yī)療廢物管理現(xiàn)狀及相關(guān)人員認(rèn)知情況,系統(tǒng)評(píng)估現(xiàn)有醫(yī)療廢物管理模式,分析大連市醫(yī)療廢物管理不足之處,針對(duì)具體問題提出對(duì)大連市醫(yī)療廢物管理的建議,規(guī)范大連市醫(yī)療廢物管理方法,以期能對(duì)醫(yī)療廢物進(jìn)行更為科學(xué)、高效的管理,切實(shí)保障大連市人民群眾的健康與安全。研究方法本研究通過基線調(diào)查法收集大連市各級(jí)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的醫(yī)療廢物產(chǎn)生量、處理費(fèi)用、管理組織制度以及醫(yī)療廢物收集、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)、處置資料,針對(duì)合格率、培訓(xùn)率作基準(zhǔn)化分析,評(píng)估大連市現(xiàn)有醫(yī)療廢物管理模式,總結(jié)醫(yī)療廢物管理現(xiàn)狀并分析其中存在的問題。通過分層隨機(jī)抽樣法選取303名醫(yī)務(wù)人員與50名衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督人員作為調(diào)查對(duì)象,調(diào)查其對(duì)目前醫(yī)療廢物管理情況的認(rèn)知,調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)采用Epi Data3.0建立數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),利用SPSS20.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,率間比較利用卡方檢驗(yàn),以P0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。研究結(jié)果1.大連市醫(yī)療廢物管理基本情況:醫(yī)療廢物安全處置制度和應(yīng)急方案合格率為97.7%;醫(yī)療廢物登記合格率為97.11%;醫(yī)療廢物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)操作合格率為78.9%;醫(yī)療廢物暫存合格率為83.7%;醫(yī)療廢物集中處置率為60.2%。2.醫(yī)務(wù)人員對(duì)醫(yī)療廢物的認(rèn)知情況:醫(yī)務(wù)人員對(duì)醫(yī)療廢物相關(guān)知識(shí)問答平均正確率為61.9%。多數(shù)人員認(rèn)為醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)從資金及人員配置等方面全方位規(guī)范醫(yī)療廢物管理。3.衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督人員對(duì)醫(yī)療廢物的認(rèn)知情況:衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督人員對(duì)醫(yī)療廢物相關(guān)法律法規(guī)的知曉率高于90%,市級(jí)監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)優(yōu)于區(qū)級(jí),部分衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督人員對(duì)法律法規(guī)的變更和動(dòng)向不夠熟悉。研究結(jié)論1.醫(yī)療廢物管理體系已形成,定級(jí)醫(yī)院操作較規(guī)范:各級(jí)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)已基本建立醫(yī)療廢物管理責(zé)任制,醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)行政科室及衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督部門從四個(gè)方面全面管理,醫(yī)療廢物處置規(guī)范率逐年上升。2.醫(yī)療廢物產(chǎn)生量較大,缺乏專項(xiàng)處置資金:醫(yī)療廢物產(chǎn)生量增大導(dǎo)致其處理費(fèi)用隨之增長(zhǎng),醫(yī)療廢物管理缺少專項(xiàng)資金,許多工作不能順利開展。3.基層醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)醫(yī)療廢物處理規(guī)范性有待加強(qiáng):與定級(jí)醫(yī)院相比,基層醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)在醫(yī)療廢物處理各環(huán)節(jié)均存在一定問題,部分村衛(wèi)生室位置偏遠(yuǎn),醫(yī)療廢物難以集中處置。4.衛(wèi)生從業(yè)人員對(duì)醫(yī)療廢物知識(shí)認(rèn)知程度較低:部分醫(yī)務(wù)人員對(duì)醫(yī)療廢物管理重要性認(rèn)識(shí)不足,職業(yè)防護(hù)意識(shí)薄弱,醫(yī)院雖有醫(yī)療廢物培訓(xùn)制度,但相關(guān)培訓(xùn)效果較差。5.醫(yī)務(wù)人員與衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督人員對(duì)醫(yī)療廢物管理認(rèn)知存在差異:醫(yī)務(wù)人員與衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督人員對(duì)醫(yī)療廢物管理的認(rèn)知差異影響了雙方在醫(yī)療廢物管理的工作重點(diǎn),導(dǎo)致醫(yī)療廢物的管理中存在漏洞。對(duì)策建議1.嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行醫(yī)療廢物法律法規(guī):建立醫(yī)療廢物管理長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制,保證醫(yī)療廢物的規(guī)范管理,對(duì)醫(yī)療廢物管理實(shí)施全面監(jiān)督,責(zé)任落實(shí)到個(gè)人。2.設(shè)立醫(yī)療廢物處理專項(xiàng)資金:目前醫(yī)療廢物管理過程中存在問題的主要原因可以歸納為資金及人員的短缺,建議為醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)及主要產(chǎn)生醫(yī)療廢物的科室設(shè)立專項(xiàng)資金,緩解科室壓力。3.制定本市醫(yī)療廢物評(píng)價(jià)考核體系:醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)對(duì)工作人員進(jìn)行針對(duì)性專門培訓(xùn),醫(yī)療廢物知識(shí)應(yīng)納入科室日常學(xué)習(xí)中一部分,確保相關(guān)管理人員和從業(yè)人員掌握國(guó)家相關(guān)法律法規(guī),掌握醫(yī)療廢物分類收集、運(yùn)送、暫存的正確方法和操作程序,定期考核并計(jì)入科室績(jī)效。4.加強(qiáng)醫(yī)療廢物危害的宣傳教育,通過晨會(huì)、媒體宣傳等途徑提高相關(guān)從業(yè)人員對(duì)醫(yī)療廢物管理的重視度。
[Abstract]:Background medical waste refers to [1] which has direct or indirect infection, toxicity and other hazardous wastes produced by health care institutions in health care, prevention, health care and other related activities. Medical waste usually carries a large number of pathogenic microorganisms. It is characterized by high risk, high pollution and high pathogenicity. It is listed as the number one hazardous waste in China's national list of hazardous wastes. WHO describes it as a waste [2] containing known or suspected organisms or toxins that can cause human or animal diseases. It is regarded as "health killer" and "number one source of disease" in the world, and it can harm human health in many ways. Over the past ten years, the management of medical waste has entered into a new process. It faces many problems and challenges. How to deal with medical wastes scientifically, efficiently and environmentally-friendly and form a unified standard of medical waste management is becoming more and more important. At the same time, scientific management of medical waste as an important topic of health management is worthy of further research in the field of medical waste reduction, scientific management and harmless treatment. The purpose of the study is to grasp the cognition of the current situation of the Dalian City medical waste management and related personnel evaluation system, the existing management mode of medical waste, analysis of Dalian City medical waste management department, according to the specific problems of Dalian medical waste management advice, standardize the Dalian City medical waste management method, in order to make more scientific and medical waste efficient management, and effectively protect the health and safety of the people in Dalian city. Production and processing costs, management system and medical waste collection, transportation and disposal of data this study through the baseline survey method to collect the medical institutions in Dalian City medical waste, according to qualification rate, the training rate for benchmarking analysis, the evaluation of Dalian existing medical waste management mode, summarizes the status quo and analysis of the medical waste management the problems. By using stratified random sampling method to select 303 medical staff and 50 health supervision personnel as the research object, the investigation on the current situation of medical waste management cognition, Epi Data3.0 to establish a database using the survey data, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS20.0 rate compared with chi square test, with P0.05 as the difference was statistically significant. Results: 1. of medical waste management in Dalian City, the basic situation: the safety of medical waste disposal system and the emergency plan for the qualified rate is 97.7%; the medical waste registration qualified rate is 97.11%; medical waste transport operation qualified rate is 78.9%; medical waste temporary pass rate of 83.7%; the medical waste disposal rate of 60.2%. 2. medical personnel's cognition of medical waste: the average correct rate of medical waste related knowledge is 61.9%. Most people think that medical institutions should standardize medical waste management in a comprehensive way from the aspects of funds and staffing. 3., the cognition of health supervision staff on medical waste: the awareness rate of health supervision staff on the relevant laws and regulations of medical waste is higher than 90%, municipal supervisory agencies are better than district level, some health supervisors are not familiar with the change and trend of laws and regulations. The conclusion of the study of 1. medical waste management system has been formed, the hospital grading operation is standard: all levels of medical institutions has been basically established the responsibility system of medical waste management, medical institutions, administrative departments and health supervision departments from four aspects of comprehensive management, standardize the medical waste disposal rate increased year by year. 2., there is a large amount of medical waste production and lack of special disposal funds: the increase of medical waste volume leads to the growth of its processing fees, and there is a lack of special funds for medical waste management, and many works cannot be carried out smoothly. 3., the standardization of medical waste disposal in basic level medical institutions needs to be strengthened. Compared with the grading hospitals, there are certain problems in all aspects of medical waste disposal in grass-roots medical institutions. 4., the cognition level of medical workers to medical waste is relatively low: some medical staff are not aware of the importance of medical waste management, and their awareness of occupational protection is weak. Although there are medical waste training system in hospitals, the training effect is relatively poor. 5., there are differences in cognition of medical waste management between medical staff and health supervisors. The cognitive differences between medical staff and health supervisors on the management of medical wastes affect the focus of both sides in the management of medical wastes, resulting in loopholes in the management of medical wastes. Countermeasures and suggestions 1., strictly enforce the laws and regulations of medical waste: establish a long-term mechanism for medical waste management, ensure the standardized management of medical wastes, supervise the implementation of medical waste management and implement responsibilities to individuals. 2., set up a special fund for medical waste disposal: at present, the main reasons for the problems in the process of medical waste management can be summarized as shortage of funds and personnel. It is suggested that special funds for medical institutions and departments that mainly generate medical waste should be set up to ease pressure on departments. 3. make the evaluation system of medical waste in the city: deal with the medical staff of specialized training, knowledge of medical waste should be included in the Department daily learning part, ensure that the relevant management personnel and employees to master the relevant national laws and regulations, grasp the correct methods and procedures of medical waste classified collection, transport, temporary, regular and included in the Department's performance appraisal. 4. to strengthen the publicity and education of medical waste hazards, and to improve the attention of relevant practitioners to medical waste management through morning meetings and media publicity.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：R197.1

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