本文選題：鄱陽湖 + 雁鴨類��； 參考：《江西師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：2014年11月-2017年3月越冬期,筆者對鄱陽湖越冬雁鴨類種群生態(tài)學(xué)進(jìn)行了初步研究,研究內(nèi)容涉及雁鴨類數(shù)量與分布、雁鴨類性比與年齡結(jié)構(gòu)、中華秋沙鴨(Mergus squamatus)和鴛鴦(Aix galericulata)行為研究,結(jié)果如下:(1)雁鴨類數(shù)量與分布:共記錄雁鴨類18種,包括國家Ⅱ級重點保護(hù)動物小天鵝(Cygnus columbianus)和白額雁(Anser albifrons)。豆雁(Anser fabalis)的累計數(shù)量最多,其次為小天鵝(Cygnus columbianus)、白額雁、鴻雁(Anser cygnoides)和羅紋鴨(Anas falcata);斑嘴鴨(Anas poecilorhyncha)出現(xiàn)頻次最高,其次為豆雁、小天鵝、鴻雁和白額雁;斑嘴鴨、豆雁和小天鵝出現(xiàn)湖泊數(shù)最多。淺水湖泊、草洲和泥灘是多數(shù)越冬雁鴨類偏好的生境。鄱陽湖國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)集中了最多、最全的雁鴨類。(2)雁鴨類性比與年齡結(jié)構(gòu):越冬中期綠翅鴨(Anas crecca)(♂60.66%,n=361)為雄性主導(dǎo)的性比,羅紋鴨(Anas falcata)(♂52.10%,n=286)、綠頭鴨(Anas platyrhynchos)(♂50.00%,n=90)和赤頸鴨(Anas penelope)(♂49.18%,n=183)的性比較為平衡。綠翅鴨偏雄性的性比可能是在越冬地和繁殖地不斷增加的雌性死亡率造成的。越冬前期均記錄到4種鴨類大量的雌性個體,而且到了越冬中期雄性比例增加,這說明鄱陽湖越冬雁鴨類雌性先于雄性到達(dá)越冬地。小天鵝幼體比例相對較高(28.27%,n=3130),越冬前期和后期的幼體比例顯著高于中期。這可能說明帶幼體的家庭群早于沒有參與繁殖或者繁殖失敗的個體到達(dá)鄱陽湖越冬但是晚于它們到達(dá)繁殖地。(3)中華秋沙鴨潛水取食:中華秋沙鴨的平均潛水和暫停持續(xù)時間分別為(18.8±0.1s,n=4305)和(12.9±0.2s,n=4104),潛水效率為2.297±0.025。雄性中華秋沙鴨平均潛水持續(xù)時間和平均暫停持續(xù)時間均顯著高于雌性,這可能與雌雄的體重差異有關(guān)。隨著溫度升高和月份與時段的推移,中華秋沙鴨的潛水持續(xù)時間顯著增加,這可能與最小氧氣消耗率有關(guān)。隨著群體的增大,中華秋沙鴨的潛水持續(xù)時間顯著下降,這可能是種間競爭加劇所致。(4)中華秋沙鴨能量支出:中華秋沙鴨越冬期能量支出最多的行為是游泳(117.96±36.80 KJ/day),取食(115.60±38.94 KJ/day)和飛翔(104.15±51.34KJ/day)行為,這與其非繁殖期的主要生理需求相符合。雄性中華秋沙鴨越冬期晝間警戒行為的能量支出顯著大于雌性(F=4.929,df=1,p=0.033),這與雄性更多地承擔(dān)群體的守衛(wèi)工作有關(guān)。隨著日平均氣溫的升高,中華秋沙鴨警戒行為的能量支出顯著降低(F=5.816,df=1,p=0.026),說明中華秋沙鴨在不同溫度下采取不同的行為對策。隨著群體大小的增加,中華秋沙鴨社會行為的能量支出顯著增加(F=5.109,df=1,p=0.043),群體增大使得中華秋沙鴨用于取食和警戒的時間明顯減少,因而用于其他行為(如社會行為)的時間相應(yīng)增加。(5)鴛鴦越冬行為:鴛鴦越冬期的主要行為是休息(38.95%)、取食(22.63%)、游泳(20.35%)和修整(12.80%),與其他越冬游禽相一致,表明這種行為組合能夠滿足游禽在越冬期的基本生理需求及能量攝入與保存的平衡。
[Abstract]:In the winter of November 2014 -2017, the population ecology of the wild goose duck in Poyang Lake was preliminarily studied. The contents of the study included the number and distribution of wild goose duck, the sex ratio and age structure of the wild goose duck, the Mergus squamatus and the mandarin duck (Aix galericulata). The results were as follows: (1) the number and distribution of wild goose duck: CO recording There are 18 kinds of wild goose ducks, including Cygnus columbianus and Bai Eyan (Anser albifrons), the largest number of the wild goose (Anser fabalis), followed by the small Swan (Cygnus columbianus), the white goose, the wild goose (Anser cygnoides) and the ribbed duck (Anas falcata), and the occurrence frequency of the duck. The highest, followed by the bean geese, small swan, wild goose and Bai Eyan, the beak duck, the bean goose and the small Swan appear most of the lakes. The shallow water lakes, the Chau Chau and the mudflats are the favorite habitats of the overwintering wild goose ducks. The Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve is the most concentrated and the most complete wild goose duck. (2) the wild goose duck sex ratio and the age structure: the mid winter green wing duck (Anas Crecca) the male dominated sex ratio, the Anas falcata (Anas falcata), the Anas platyrhynchos (Anas platyrhynchos) and the red neck duck (Anas Penelope) and the red neck duck (Anas Penelope) (Anas Penelope) are balanced. The sex ratio of the Green Wing duck may be caused by the increasing female mortality in the overwintering and breeding ground. In the early winter, a large number of female individuals were recorded in 4 kinds of ducks, and the male proportion increased in the middle of the winter. This indicated that the female of the wild goose duck in Poyang Lake went to the overwintering ground before the male. The proportion of the young swans was relatively high (28.27%, n=3130), and the proportion of the young in the early and late wintering was significantly higher than that in the middle period. The family group was earlier than the individuals who did not participate in breeding or breeding failure to reach Poyang Lake in the winter but later than they arrived in the breeding ground. (3) the average diving and suspension of Chinese autumn duck was (18.8 0.1s, n=4305) and (12.9 + 0.2S, n=4104), and the efficiency of the diving was 2.297 + 0.025. male Zhonghua sands. The average diving duration and the average pause duration of the duck were significantly higher than that of the female, which may be related to the difference between male and female body weight. With the increase of temperature and the passage of month and time, the duration of scuba diving in Chinese autumn ducks increased significantly, which may be related to the minimum oxygen consumption rate. The duration significantly decreased, which may be caused by intensification of interspecific competition. (4) the energy expenditure of the Chinese autumn duck: the behavior of the most overwintering period of the Chinese autumn duck is swimming (117.96 + 36.80 KJ/day), feeding (115.60 + 38.94 KJ/day) and flying (104.15 51.34KJ/day), which is in line with the main physiological needs of the non breeding period. The energy expenditure of the day vigilance behavior of the Chinese autumn duck was significantly greater than that of the female (F=4.929, df=1, p=0.033), which was related to the male's guard work more. With the increase of average daily temperature, the energy expenditure of the vigilance behavior of the Chinese autumn duck was significantly reduced (F= 5.816, df=1, p=0.026), indicating that the Chinese autumn duck was at different temperatures. With the increase of group size, the energy expenditure of the social behavior of the Chinese autumn ducks increased significantly (F=5.109, df=1, p=0.043), and the increase of the population made the time of the Chinese autumn ducks used for feeding and vigilance significantly reduced, thus the time for other behaviors (such as social behavior) increased correspondingly. (5) the behavior of the mandarin ducks overwintering: The main behavior of the overwintering period of mandarin ducks is rest (38.95%), feeding (22.63%), swimming (20.35%) and trimming (12.80%), consistent with other wintering birds, indicating that this combination of behavior can meet the basic physiological needs of the wintering period and the balance of energy intake and preservation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：江西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：Q958

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